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What are factors that drive population distribution?
Elevation, Bodies of Water, Climate, Culture, Economic Development, and Disease
How does Elevation drive Population Distribution?
most populations live in lower elevations to avoid colder climates.
How do Bodies of Water drive Population Distribution?
people need fresh water to drink, use for irrigation, transportation, and to provide food
How does Climate drive Population Distribution?
Humans prefer temperate climates
How does Culture drive Population Distribution?
cultures adapt, and perceive physical environments differently (so one culture might live on mountains while another lives below them for certain reasons)
How does Economic Development drive Population Distribution?
economically developed areas hold more population than those not developed
How does Disease drive Population Distribution?
people are more likely to locate where disease cannot spread as easily (so like higher up in the mountains, instead of a humid marshy area like a swamp)
Is the global distribution of human populations even throughout the world?
No
How many people roughly live in the northern hemisphere?
7.9 billion
How many people roughly live in the middle latitudes?
Around 2/3 of the world’s population
Which area has the largest amount of people, accounting for more than half of the worlds population?
Eurasia holding 69.2% of all people
What percentage of people live in Europe?
9.2% of the worlds population
What percentage of people live in Asia?
60% of the worlds population
What percentage of people live in North America?
4.8% of the worlds population
What percentage of people live in Africa?
16.2% of the worlds population
What percentage of people live in Middle East/South America?
8.5% of the worlds population
What percentage of people live in Australia/Pacific Islands?
0.05% of the worlds population
Ecumene
areas with permanent human settlements
Where are the 4 major population clusters?
South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe
Where are the emerging population clusters?
Eastern US/SE Canada, and Western Africa
Metacities
more than 20 million people
Megacities
more than 10 million people
What are the 3 ways to compute Population Density?
Arithmetic, Physiological, and Agricultural
What is Arithmetic Density?
total number of objects in an area
Computation: divide the population by land
What is Physiological Density?
number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
Computation: divide the population by the arable land
What is Agricultural Density?
ration of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Computation: divide the population of farmers by the arable land area
Empty Quarter
the human tendency to avoid areas that are too hot/cold/dry/wet/rugged/barren
How is population distribution changing in the U.S.?
snow belt states of the north/Midwest have consistently been losing population, while the sun belt states have been gaining population
Will areas with larger populations have LESS schools, hospitals, public utilities, etc.
No
How is infrastructure affected by population density?
Building infrastructure is cheaper in a densely populated area
Does population affect political power distribution, in the U.S.?
Yes
What is an example of how in the U.S., population affects political power distribution?
the U.S. Census
What area(s) of the U.S. has been growing faster than the Northeast and Midwest
the South and Southwest
Do heavily populated areas generally have BETTER air quality?
No
Do populations generally surround natural water sources?
Yes
What does the need to build homes, building, roads, and shopping centers lead to?
a loss of habitat for wildlife, farmland for food production, and green spaces
Does every area have a carrying capacity?
Yes
What can carrying capacity be affected by to increase?
technology and climate
The location’s ______ is affected when it becomes more desirable,and the population increases.
Infrastructure (roads, water/sewer lines, energy, etc)
With more people living near natural disaster prone areas, the fallout from a natural disaster is increased OR decreased?
increased
Cohorts
age groups
Birth Deficit
a slowdown in births
Baby Boom
a large spike in births
Baby Bust
a slowdown in births after a boom
Echo
the births that result when a baby boom reaches reproductive age
Potential Workforce/Economically Active Population
group expected to be society’s labor force
age 15-64
Dependent Population
everyone in society under 15 and over 64
Dependency Ratio
comparison of population economically active, and those who are dependent
Characteristics of Population Pyramids: The X-Mas Tree
developing nation
Namibia, Bangladesh
growth rates are slow
high birth rate
short life expectancy
Characteristics of Population Pyramids: The Box
developed nation
Sweden, USA
low infant mortality
slow population growth
long life expectancy
Characteristics of Population Pyramids: The Cup
developed nation
Italy, Japan
low birth rate
shrinking population (negative growth)
long life expectancy
Demographic Balancing Equation
used to describe the future population of a region
What is the equation for Demographic Balancing
Future Population = Current Population + (births-deaths) + (immigrants-emigrants)
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
percentage by which a population grows in a year
How do geographers measure population in a country or the world?
CBR - CDR = NIR
Components of Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
the percentage by which a population grows in a year
hit an all-time high of 2.2% in 1963, slowly fell throughout the latter part of the century, and has declined sharply during the past decade
How many people are generally added to the population of the world annually?
about 82 million people
Does the natural increase rate affect the doubling time?
Yes, in recent years the doubling time has decreased
Components of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
measure used by geographers to better understand death rates in a society
defined as the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births
usually expressed per 1,000 births rather than a percentage
IMR is 5 in developed countries and 80 in sub-Saharan African countries
Components of Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
measure also used by geographers to measure number of births in a society
defined as the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)
TFR for world is 2.5
TFR exceeds 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, while 2 or less in nearly all European countries
What are some reasons for population growth?
food production becoming more efficient through mechanization
improved growing food through science
sewer systems and water treatment allowed for concentration of people
vaccines provide disease prevention
antibiotics help to fight bacterial infections
improved medical care saves lives
Stages of the Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1: low growth
Stage 2: high growth
Stage 3: moderate growth
Stage 4: low growth
Stage 5: (unknown)
Characteristics of Stage 1 in the DTM
marked by very high birth rates and death rates
no long-term natural increase (NIR is essentially zero)
no country presently is in Stage 1
Characteristics of Stage 2 in the DTM
marked by rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates
high natural increase
Europe and North America entered this stage, as a result of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750)
Characteristics of Stage 3 in the DTM
marked by the rapid decline in birth rates and a steady decline in death rates
population grows because CBR
Characteristics of Stage 4 in the DTM
marked by very low birth and death rates
no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease
a country reaches this stage when the population gains by CBR are diminished by losses because of CDR
a condition known as zero population growth
population change results from immigration
Characteristics of Stage 5 in the DTM
European countries like Italy and Russia may be beyond the previous stage of the DTM because they are going into negative population growth
Stages of the Epidemiologic Transition Model
Stage 1: pestilence and famine (High CDR)
Stage 2: receding pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)
Stage 3: degenerative diseases (Moderately Declining CDR)
Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)
Stage 5: (unknown, but speculated)
Characteristics of Stage 1 in the ETM
principal cause of death: infectious and parasitic diseases
Ex: black plague
Characteristics of Stage 2 in the ETM
pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
factors that reduced the spread of disease, during the Industrial Revolution
Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine
Ex: famous cholera pandemic in London
Characteristics of Stage 3 in the ETM
decrease in deaths from infectious diseases
increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
Ex: cardiovascular diseases, and cancer
Characteristics of Stage 4 in the ETM
deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer are delayed because of modern medical treatments
Characteristics of Stage 5 in the ETM
Evolution
Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides
antibiotics and genetic engineering contribute to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria
Poverty
infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of the presence of unsanitary conditions and the inability to afford drugs needed for treatment
Increased Connections
advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, make it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms
What is Mathus’s viewpoint on Overpopulation?
he claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply
What are Neo-Mathusians theories?
could be worse than Mathus originally predicted (since most growth would occur in the poorest countries)
world is outstripping a variety of resoures, not just food
What do Mathus’s critics say about his theory?
many disagree because it’s too pessimistic, and that the population increase is not a problem
there is no cause-and-effect relationship between population growth and economic development
the world would have sufficient resources if shared equally
What is the reality of Mathus’s theory?
food production has increased over the last 50 years faster than he originally predicted
What is Boserup’s Theory?
suggests a positive outcome of population increase, since there is more hands to work, and more pressure placed on agriculture which stimulates invention resulting in more food production
Expansive or Pronatalist Policies
encourages large families
Ex: “do it for denmark”
Eugenic Population Policy
devoted to improving the human race through heredity by controlling who has children with who
Ex: planned parenthood
Restrictive or Anti-Natalist Policies
discourage births
Ex: one-child policy in China
What has the impact of Mao Zedong in China done?
he originally instructed the nation to have as many children as possible
this resulted in famine
the one-child policy was enacted in an effort to help reduce population growth
resulted in a gender disbalance
resulted in the number of elderly rising
How did the Industrial Revolution impact family sizes?
after the Industrial Revolution, couples began having fewer children since they were involved in the workforce (delaying marriage results in delaying childbearing) *TFR also began to drop
What are causes of Aging Populations?
life expectancy has increased due to healthcare and eldercare (mitigation of common diseases)
What are some effects of Aging Population?
Political Impacts
older people are more likely to vote
Social Impacts
abandonment of elderly
Economic Impact
the cost incurred by the government increase
elderly are more likely to volunteer
Emigration
migration from a location
Immigration
migration to a location
Net Migration
the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a country
Migration
a permanent move to a new location
Push Factors
induce people to move out of their present location
Pull Factors
induce people to move into a new location
What are the three major types of Push and Pull Factors?
Political/Cultural
Push Factors: slavery, political instability
Pull Factors: country accepts refugees, democratic country (huge movement to western Europe in the 1940s)
Environmental
Push Factors: polluted air, congestion, water —- too much or too little (flood plains or desert)
Pull Factors: mountains, sea cost, warm climate (Florida)
Economic
Push Factors: few jobs
Pull Factors: jobs available
Refugee
has been forced to migrate to avoid a political threat to his or her life, and he/she cannot return for fear of persecution
Internally Displaced Persons (UDP)
he/she has not migrated across international borders, similar to a refugee
Asylum Seeker
someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
Intervening Obstacles
environmental or cultural feature that hinders migrationP
Factors that are Intervening Obstacles
Physical Geography: mountains, deserts, or oceans
Transportation: airplanes are expensive, but diminish the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles
Political Concerns/Laws: must have a passport to legally emigrate/immigrate and a visa to legally immigrate
Characteristics of the Migration Transition Model (MTM)
Stage 1: high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food rather than permanent migration (hunting and gathering)
Stage 2: internal migration (from LDC to MDC), interregional migration (rural to urban) (go to the jobs)
Stage 3-4: internal migration (ex: intraregional to cities to suburbs)
Note
Flashcard