AP Human Geo- Unit 2

What are factors that drive population distribution?

Elevation, Bodies of Water, Climate, Culture, Economic Development, and Disease

How does Elevation drive Population Distribution?

most populations live in lower elevations to avoid colder climates.

How do Bodies of Water drive Population Distribution?

people need fresh water to drink, use for irrigation, transportation, and to provide food

How does Climate drive Population Distribution?

Humans prefer temperate climates

How does Culture drive Population Distribution?

cultures adapt, and perceive physical environments differently (so one culture might live on mountains while another lives below them for certain reasons)

How does Economic Development drive Population Distribution?

economically developed areas hold more population than those not developed

How does Disease drive Population Distribution?

people are more likely to locate where disease cannot spread as easily (so like higher up in the mountains, instead of a humid marshy area like a swamp)

Is the global distribution of human populations even throughout the world?

No

How many people roughly live in the northern hemisphere?

7.9 billion

How many people roughly live in the middle latitudes?

Around 2/3 of the world’s population

Which area has the largest amount of people, accounting for more than half of the worlds population?

Eurasia holding 69.2% of all people

What percentage of people live in Europe?

9.2% of the worlds population

What percentage of people live in Asia?

60% of the worlds population

What percentage of people live in North America?

4.8% of the worlds population

What percentage of people live in Africa?

16.2% of the worlds population

What percentage of people live in Middle East/South America?

8.5% of the worlds population

What percentage of people live in Australia/Pacific Islands?

0.05% of the worlds population

Ecumene

areas with permanent human settlements

Where are the 4 major population clusters?

South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

Where are the emerging population clusters?

Eastern US/SE Canada, and Western Africa

Metacities

more than 20 million people

Megacities

more than 10 million people

What are the 3 ways to compute Population Density?

Arithmetic, Physiological, and Agricultural

What is Arithmetic Density?

• total number of objects in an area

• Computation: divide the population by land

What is Physiological Density?

• number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

  • Computation: divide the population by the arable land

What is Agricultural Density?

• ration of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

  • Computation: divide the population of farmers by the arable land area

Empty Quarter

the human tendency to avoid areas that are too hot/cold/dry/wet/rugged/barren

How is population distribution changing in the U.S.?

snow belt states of the north/Midwest have consistently been losing population, while the sun belt states have been gaining population

Will areas with larger populations have LESS schools, hospitals, public utilities, etc.

No

How is infrastructure affected by population density?

Building infrastructure is cheaper in a densely populated area

Does population affect political power distribution, in the U.S.?

Yes

What is an example of how in the U.S., population affects political power distribution?

the U.S. Census

What area(s) of the U.S. has been growing faster than the Northeast and Midwest

the South and Southwest

Do heavily populated areas generally have BETTER air quality?

No

Do populations generally surround natural water sources?

Yes

What does the need to build homes, building, roads, and shopping centers lead to?

a loss of habitat for wildlife, farmland for food production, and green spaces

Does every area have a carrying capacity?

Yes

What can carrying capacity be affected by to increase?

technology and climate

The location’s ______ is affected when it becomes more desirable,and the population increases.

Infrastructure (roads, water/sewer lines, energy, etc)

With more people living near natural disaster prone areas, the fallout from a natural disaster is increased OR decreased?

increased

Cohorts

age groups

Birth Deficit

a slowdown in births

Baby Boom

a large spike in births

Baby Bust

a slowdown in births after a boom

Echo

the births that result when a baby boom reaches reproductive age

Potential Workforce/Economically Active Population

• group expected to be society’s labor force

• age 15-64

Dependent Population

everyone in society under 15 and over 64

Dependency Ratio

comparison of population economically active, and those who are dependent

Characteristics of Population Pyramids: The X-Mas Tree

• developing nation

  • Namibia, Bangladesh

• growth rates are slow

• high birth rate

• short life expectancy

Characteristics of Population Pyramids: The Box

• developed nation

  • Sweden, USA

• low infant mortality

• slow population growth

• long life expectancy

Characteristics of Population Pyramids: The Cup

• developed nation

  • Italy, Japan

• low birth rate

• shrinking population (negative growth)

• long life expectancy

Demographic Balancing Equation

used to describe the future population of a region

What is the equation for Demographic Balancing

Future Population = Current Population + (births-deaths) + (immigrants-emigrants)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

percentage by which a population grows in a year

How do geographers measure population in a country or the world?

CBR - CDR = NIR

Components of Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

• the percentage by which a population grows in a year

• hit an all-time high of 2.2% in 1963, slowly fell throughout the latter part of the century, and has declined sharply during the past decade

How many people are generally added to the population of the world annually?

about 82 million people

Does the natural increase rate affect the doubling time?

Yes, in recent years the doubling time has decreased

Components of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• measure used by geographers to better understand death rates in a society

• defined as the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births

• usually expressed per 1,000 births rather than a percentage

• IMR is 5 in developed countries and 80 in sub-Saharan African countries

Components of Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• measure also used by geographers to measure number of births in a society

• defined as the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

• TFR for world is 2.5

• TFR exceeds 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, while 2 or less in nearly all European countries

What are some reasons for population growth?

• food production becoming more efficient through mechanization

• improved growing food through science

• sewer systems and water treatment allowed for concentration of people

• vaccines provide disease prevention

• antibiotics help to fight bacterial infections

• improved medical care saves lives

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

• Stage 1: low growth

• Stage 2: high growth

• Stage 3: moderate growth

• Stage 4: low growth

• Stage 5: (unknown)

Characteristics of Stage 1 in the DTM

• marked by very high birth rates and death rates

  • no long-term natural increase (NIR is essentially zero)

  • no country presently is in Stage 1

Characteristics of Stage 2 in the DTM

• marked by rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates

  • high natural increase

  • Europe and North America entered this stage, as a result of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750)

Characteristics of Stage 3 in the DTM

• marked by the rapid decline in birth rates and a steady decline in death rates

• population grows because CBR

Characteristics of Stage 4 in the DTM

• marked by very low birth and death rates

  • no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease

• a country reaches this stage when the population gains by CBR are diminished by losses because of CDR

  • a condition known as zero population growth

• population change results from immigration

Characteristics of Stage 5 in the DTM

• European countries like Italy and Russia may be beyond the previous stage of the DTM because they are going into negative population growth

Stages of the Epidemiologic Transition Model

• Stage 1: pestilence and famine (High CDR)

• Stage 2: receding pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)

• Stage 3: degenerative diseases (Moderately Declining CDR)

• Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)

• Stage 5: (unknown, but speculated)

Characteristics of Stage 1 in the ETM

• principal cause of death: infectious and parasitic diseases

  • Ex: black plague

Characteristics of Stage 2 in the ETM

• pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

• factors that reduced the spread of disease, during the Industrial Revolution

  • Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine

• Ex: famous cholera pandemic in London

Characteristics of Stage 3 in the ETM

• decrease in deaths from infectious diseases

• increase in chronic disorders associated with aging

  • Ex: cardiovascular diseases, and cancer

Characteristics of Stage 4 in the ETM

• deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer are delayed because of modern medical treatments

Characteristics of Stage 5 in the ETM

• Evolution

  • Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides

  • antibiotics and genetic engineering contribute to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria

• Poverty

  • infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of the presence of unsanitary conditions and the inability to afford drugs needed for treatment

• Increased Connections

  • advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, make it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms

What is Mathus’s viewpoint on Overpopulation?

he claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply

What are Neo-Mathusians theories?

• could be worse than Mathus originally predicted (since most growth would occur in the poorest countries)

• world is outstripping a variety of resoures, not just food

What do Mathus’s critics say about his theory?

• many disagree because it’s too pessimistic, and that the population increase is not a problem

• there is no cause-and-effect relationship between population growth and economic development

  • the world would have sufficient resources if shared equally

What is the reality of Mathus’s theory?

food production has increased over the last 50 years faster than he originally predicted

What is Boserup’s Theory?

suggests a positive outcome of population increase, since there is more hands to work, and more pressure placed on agriculture which stimulates invention resulting in more food production

Expansive or Pronatalist Policies

• encourages large families

  • Ex: “do it for denmark”

Eugenic Population Policy

• devoted to improving the human race through heredity by controlling who has children with who

  • Ex: planned parenthood

Restrictive or Anti-Natalist Policies

• discourage births

  • Ex: one-child policy in China

What has the impact of Mao Zedong in China done?

• he originally instructed the nation to have as many children as possible

• this resulted in famine

• the one-child policy was enacted in an effort to help reduce population growth

• resulted in a gender disbalance

• resulted in the number of elderly rising

How did the Industrial Revolution impact family sizes?

after the Industrial Revolution, couples began having fewer children since they were involved in the workforce (delaying marriage results in delaying childbearing) *TFR also began to drop

What are causes of Aging Populations?

life expectancy has increased due to healthcare and eldercare (mitigation of common diseases)

What are some effects of Aging Population?

• Political Impacts

  • older people are more likely to vote

• Social Impacts

  • abandonment of elderly

• Economic Impact

  • the cost incurred by the government increase

  • elderly are more likely to volunteer

Emigration

migration from a location

Immigration

migration to a location

Net Migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a country

Migration

a permanent move to a new location

Push Factors

induce people to move out of their present location

Pull Factors

induce people to move into a new location

What are the three major types of Push and Pull Factors?

• Political/Cultural

  • Push Factors: slavery, political instability

  • Pull Factors: country accepts refugees, democratic country (huge movement to western Europe in the 1940s)

• Environmental

  • Push Factors: polluted air, congestion, water —- too much or too little (flood plains or desert)

  • Pull Factors: mountains, sea cost, warm climate (Florida)

• Economic

  • Push Factors: few jobs

  • Pull Factors: jobs available

Refugee

has been forced to migrate to avoid a political threat to his or her life, and he/she cannot return for fear of persecution

Internally Displaced Persons (UDP)

he/she has not migrated across international borders, similar to a refugee

Asylum Seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Intervening Obstacles

environmental or cultural feature that hinders migrationP

Factors that are Intervening Obstacles

• Physical Geography: mountains, deserts, or oceans

• Transportation: airplanes are expensive, but diminish the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles

• Political Concerns/Laws: must have a passport to legally emigrate/immigrate and a visa to legally immigrate

Characteristics of the Migration Transition Model (MTM)

• Stage 1: high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food rather than permanent migration (hunting and gathering)

• Stage 2: internal migration (from LDC to MDC), interregional migration (rural to urban) (go to the jobs)

• Stage 3-4: internal migration (ex: intraregional to cities to suburbs)