Final Exam Science in the Modern World

What is not part of the replication crisis?

There is a lot of replication going on

Ionnidis defines ‘bias’ as…

The combination of various design, data, analysis, and presentation factors that tend to produce research

What is not a virtue of open science?

It mitigates the publish-or-perish conditions of the modern academy

What is not part of the priority scheme as Romero discusses?

The incentivization of replication

What is a tenet of technological determinism

Technological developments happen outside or removed from social forces

Hype does which of the following in science

Generates interest, generates funding, obfuscates pragmatic use of novel tech

Which of the following are mitigated by just the introduction of new knowledge?

Epistemic bubbles

‘Dirty’ disagreement is

irrational or biased disagreement

Which of the following is a case of co-created participatory research

When the public jointly creates a research project with scientists

Which of the following of Lacey’s values is best thought of as shared benefits

Neutrality

Which of the following are instances of when we can expect more work to be unreplicable?

When study sizes are small, when definitions aren’t pre-set, when a field is ‘hot’

“Effectiveness” is

Proof that we should use it in practice

"Which of the following is an instance of ‘questionable research practice’?

P-hacking

What is a component of ‘open science’?

Pre-registration, minimum sample sizes, labelling ‘exploratory’ research as such

What’s Romero’s ‘fix’ for the priority scheme?

divide cognitive labor among science

Which is not part of the priority scheme?

The incentivization of replication

Which is a tenet of technological determinism?

Tech developments happen outside of society

Which relies on ‘trust’ to break?

Echo chambers

Framing risk is a kind of…

Epistemic risk

Which of the following is based on differences in framing?

Deep Disagreement

Which of the following is a Cartesian Reboot meant to mitigate?

Echo Chambers

Goldenberg argued that vaccine hesitancy is most likely due to

A lack of trust

Which goal is most about gathering knowledge?

Epistemic

Which goal is most about ‘fun’ for the participants?

Practical

The public approaching scientists to perform a task is which kind of participation?

Contractual

The public providing data for researchers is what kind of participation?

Contributory

The public ‘doing their own research’ is what kind of participatory research?

Collegial

When something is supported in a way not hinging on idiosyncratic values, it is

impartial

The causes of science’s issues are which according to Lacey…

Due to the commercial-scientific methods, due to too much interaction with private industry, a lack of acting in accordance with the precautionary principle

McCormick thinks that we should engage with fringe theories when…

Doing so improves our epistemic health, to reduce beliefs in things that are false, those we engage with aren’t acting in bad faith

What is the proper ‘p-value’ in most life science experiments

.05

Challenges to Technological Determinism

We are not passive in the changes that arise, but we choose to follow them, the idea that no say in what the value of novel technologies are is false

What is the replication crisis composed of?

There isn’t a lot of replication going on, since its not incentivized, the replication that does occur finds well over half of studies aren’t replicated, there is clear publication bias, QRPs and p-hacking are hard to catch, there is little transparency on data sharing, peer-review editorial practices, etc.

What is efficacy?

Proof that it works

SNS “open science”

Decide rules for data termination before data collection begins, and report
this to the journal.
• Authors need minimum sample sizes.
• All variables are to be listed, and all conditions and techniques are to be
reported.
• Any eliminated observations should be noted, and the results should be
considered had they not been.
• Ensure that authors follow these requirements
• Publish more non-significant results.
• Label ‘exploratory’ research as such.

What is the priority scheme?

The first scientists making a discovery is rewarded with prestige and recognition, while second runners get very little or nothing

Vices of the Priority Rule

The Priority Rule systematically rewards findings regardless of their replicability, disincentivizes replications

Which type of participatory research is when the public jointly initiates/executes a project?

Co-created

Goals of Participatory Research

Epistemic (knowledge), practical (fun) communal (achieving goals as defined by stakeholders), societal (social goals, awareness or education), political (politically charged goals)

What is precision medicine?

Uses patient genetic information to tailor the ‘right drug’ at the ‘right time’

What is a ‘commercial-scientific ethos’ according to Lacey?

Uneven distribution of risks and benefit, depending on affluences… commercial influences distract science from answering questions in a democratic, compelling, and sound manner

Lacey’s democratic values of what science ought to be:

Neutral (shared benefits between private v. public sectors), impartial (hypothesis does not hinge on data that reflects a certain value), and autonomous (free from external interference)

What does Lacey think that we should do to avoid the commercial-scientific ethos?

Act in accordance with the precautionary principle (proposes delays in the implementation of scientific innovations before adequate research is done about the risks) and avoid decontextualization