Biology Chapter 19 Classification of Organisms

Test: Wednesday, May 28

about how many species are named and classified

2 million

how are organisms classified

based on their physical and genetic chaacteristics

about how many species are not classified

8.7 to 13 million

biological variety of organisms on earth

biodiversity

system of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and universal rules

taxonomy

who developed the first classification system

aristotle

explain the first classification system created by aristotle

• 2 groups, plants and animals

• animals classified as land, water, or air

• plants classifies as stems or no stems

problems with the first classification system

confusion

language differences

not descriptive enough

who fixed aristotle’s classification system

carolus linnaeus

how did carolus linnaeus organize his classification system

based on hierarchy and formalized a naming system

most general to most specific

a particular group within the taxonomic system

taxon

order of taxonomy

domain

kingdom→every animal

phylum→everything with a spinal cord

class→everything except reptiles

order→everything except carnivores

family→only animals that are in the same family

genus→get rid of least related one out of group

species→remaining animal

two-part naming system gives each organism a scientific name

binomial nomenclature

what are the two taxons binomial nomenclature is made of

genus and species

rules for binomial nomenclature

-first letter of first word is capitalized

rest of them are lower case

italicized if typed, underline if handwritten

variations of a species that live in different geographic regions

subspecies

when writing out the binomial nomenclature name with a subspecies what is added

a third name that further identifies the animal

study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms

phylogeny

“family tree” of the origin of an organism or a group

phylogenetic diagram

phylogenetic diagrams indicate ___ and can be changed ___

how close organisms are thought to be

at any time

parts of a phylogenetic diagram

root and branch point

represents ancestral lineage

root

represents speciation, single ancestral line gives rise to two or more daughter lines

branch point or nodes

a grouping that indicates a common ancestor and all the descendents(living and extinct) of that ancestor

clade

when building a phylogenetic tree it is based off of

visible similarities and differences

fossils

patterns of development

DNA comparisons→ most reliable

system of phylogenetic analysis comparing carefully selected traits to determine the order in which organisms branched off from their common ancestor

cladistics

features that all members of a group have in common

ex) all birds have feathers

shared characteristics

features that evolved in some members of a group

ex) some birds have rounded beaks

derived characteristics

phylogenetic diagram based on derived characteristics

cladogram

how to construct a cladogram

organize info in a data table

convert into cladogram

what is the most accurate way to define lineages

molecular cladogram

the longer divergence from common ancestor shows

the greater differences in DNA

what is the broadest level of classification

domain

what are the 3 major lineages for all living things

bacteria

archaea

eukarya

small, unicellular, and prokaryotic

thick cell walls containing peptidoglycan

autotrophs or heterotrophs

domain bacteria

ex) e.coli and strep

small, unicellular, and prokaryotic

cell walls without peptidoglycan

autotrophs or heterotrophs

unique biochemical properties

live in extreme environments

possible the oldest living organism

domain archaea

ex) halophiles, methanogens

large-celled, unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic

cells contain nucleus and complex organelles

diverse organisms

domain eukarya

ex) plants, animals, fungi, protists

what are the 6 kingdoms

eubacteriz

archaebacteria

protista

fungi

plants

animals

characteristics of kingdoms are based on

cell type, reproduction, and metabolism

prokaryotic and unicellular

autotrophs or heterotrophs

classified into groups based on shape

eubacteria

bacilli→

spirilla→

cocci→

rod shaped bacteria

spiral shaped bacteria

sphere shaped bacteria

prokaryotic and unicellular

autotrophs or heterotrophs

unique biochemical properties

classified into groups according to where they live

archaebacteria

3 types of archaebacteria

methanogens

halophiles

thermoacidophiles

organisms that can convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas

live without oxygen

found in deep fresh water, sewage, marine mud, intestinal tract of some animals

methanogens

organisms that live in environments with high salt concentration

live in salt concentration 5x greater than oceans

live in dead sea and great salt lake

halophiles

organisms that live in very acidic, high temperature environments

found in volcanic vents and hot springs

thermoacidophiles

eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular

autotrophs or heterotrophs

some contain cell walls and chloroplasts

very diverse group, organisms are fundamentally different from one another

protista

eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular

heterotrophs by absorption

contain cell walls made of chitin

fungi

eukaryotic, multicellular

autotrophs

contain cell walls made of cellulose

have chloroplasts

plants

eukaryotic, multicellular

heterotrophs

no cell walls

very diverse group, range in size and physical structure

animals

kingdom→animalia

Phylum→chordata

Class→mammalia

mammals

characteristics of mammals (6)

1. endothermic→regulation of body heat through metabolism

2. hair, most are covered

3. 4 chambers of heart

4. mammary glands

5. lower jaw made of single bone

6. various types of teeth

kingdom→animalia

phylum→chordata

class→aves

birds

characteristics of birds (6)

1. covered in feathers, essential for flight and insulation

2. forelimbs are wings

3. light-weight skeleton, bones are hallow

4. rapid metabolism, energy for flight and temperature regulation

5. breaks no teeth

6. oviparity→amniotic eggs in a hard shell

kingdom→animalia

phylum→chordata

class→reptilia

reptiles

characteristics of reptiles (4)

1. ectothermic→regulation of body heat through external environment

2. bodies covered in scales

3. ear holes to pick up vibration

4. oviparity for most of live births

kingdom→animalia

phylum→chordata

class→tetrapoda

amphibiansch

characteristics of amphibians (7)

1. thin, slimy skin without scales

2. ectothermic

3. feet if present lack claws and are webbed

4. live in water(larval stage) and on land(adult stage)

5. use gills, lungs, and skin to breath

6. eggs lack shells

7. most have eggs fertilized externally of the body

nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and some lipids

virus

Viruses can only be seen with an ____

genetic information can be ___ or ___

have capsid’s

electron microscope

DNA/RNA

protein coat surrounding virus

capsid

Viral Infection

contain_____ to gain access to host cell

virus makes copies of itself inside _____

surface proteins

host cell

Viruses

structure:

reproduction:

growth and development:

metabolism:

respond to environment:

change over time:

• DNA or RNA(mostly) with proteins and lipids

• only in host cell

• no

• no

• no

• yes