NS 1150 Prelim #2 Review

We need less than ___ grams per day of micronutrients.

1

What are the three categories of energy yielding nutrients (and a fourth category that is NOT a nutrient)?

proteins, lipids, carbs (and alcohol, which yields energy but is not a nutrient)

What are two categories of essential, but not energy yielding, nutrients?

vitamins and minerals

What are four vitamins that are essential to prevent disease?

A, C, D, K

What are three essential minerals?

iron, calcium, iodine

What are five examples of organic nutrients?

carbs, fats, protein, alcohol, and vitamins

What are two examples of inorganic nutrients?

water, minerals

What does it mean to say that a nutrient is organic?

It has carbon atoms.

Alcohol is (organic/inorganic).

organic

Minerals are (organic/inorganic).

inorganic

Vitamins are (organic/inorganic).

organic

________________ are organic molecules found in both plant and animal derived foods, required in very small amounts to maintain the body's function.

Vitamins

Vitamin A is essential to prevent which diseases?

Those relating to vision.

Vitamin C is essential to prevent which diseases?

scurvy

Vitamin K is essential to prevent which diseases?

coagulation

Vitamin D is essential to prevent which diseases?

Those relating to bone health.

Disorders relating to bone health can be related to deficiencies of vitamin _____.

D

Disorders relating to coagulation can be related to deficiencies of vitamin _____.

K

What are three physical symptoms of scurvy?

pale skin, loss of teeth, sunken eyes

True/False: Some vitamins can be obtained by means that do not involve food.

Vitamins D and K

How can vitamin D be obtained in a way that does not involve food?

ultraviolet rays from sunlight on our skin

How can vitamin K be obtained in a way that does not involve food?

activity of our intestinal bacteria (i.e. they can produce vitamin K)

__________________ are vitamin precursors that can be converted to the active form of a vitamin within the body.

Provitamins

Beta-carotene is the ____________________ for vitamin A.

provitamin

Beta-carotene can be converted in the active form of vitamin A, which is _______________, in the (part of body).

retinol; intestinal enterocytes (by BCO1)

What are the four lipid-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, cobalamin, and vitamin C are _____________-soluble.

water

______________ and _______________ are conditionally essential, "water-like" compounds.

Choline; carnitine

What happens with excess intake of water-soluble vitamins?

Excess is detected and excreted by the kidneys.

What happens with excess intake of fat-soluble vitamins?

Excess is stored in fat storage sites.

Short term storage is common for (fat/water)-soluble nutrients.

water

Daily intake is recommended for (fat/water)-soluble nutrients..

water (because they are stored in the short term)

Deficiency symptoms of (fat/water)-soluble nutrients is slow to appear.

fat

(Fat/Water)-soluble nutrients have a higher risk of toxicity.

Fat (because they are not readily excreted in urine like water-soluble nutrients)

(Fat/Water)-soluble nutrients are more stable in food handling and processing.

Fat

(Fat/Water)-soluble nutrients are easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

Water

(Fat/Water)-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the lymph.

Fat

(Fat/Water)-soluble nutrients require protein carriers in the blood.

Fat

What are five factors that can influence the bioavailability of vitamins?

substances in food, age, medications, illness, nutritional status

What are five recommendations for food handling and what is the reasoning for them?

(1) Use minimal heat.

(2) Decrease exposure to light.

(3) Avoid excess water.

(4) Avoid alkaline conditions.

(5) Limit oxidation and store foods in airtight containers.

Water-soluble vitamins can move out of foods when they are placed in water. Also, alkalinity, oxidation, light, and heat can destroy them. These recommendations are pretty much for water-soluble vitamins (like B vitamins and vitamin C).

Energy production is driven by vitamins such as...

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and B6 (basically, B complex vitamins give you energy).

Nervous system function is driven by vitamins such as...

thiamin, B6, folate, B12, and choline

Functions relating to blood are driven by vitamins such as...

K, B6, folate, and B12

Immune system function is driven by vitamins such as...

A, D, B6, and C

Growth and development is driven by vitamins such as...

A, biotin, folate, and C

Vision is protected by vitamins such as...

A

Bone health is protected by vitamins such as...

D, K

Antioxidant function is driven by vitamins such as...

A, E, and C

Muscle function is driven by vitamins such as...

D and choline

Endocrine function is driven by vitamins such as...

D

Cardiovascular health is protected by vitamins such as...

B6, folate, and B12

A __________________ is an organic molecule that attaches to an enzyme and activates or increases its ability to catalyze metabolic reactions.

cofactor/coenzyme

Many B vitamin coenzymes are involved in ___________________.

energy metabolism

Vitamin C acts as a coenzyme in _________________ synthesis.

collagen

How does vitamin C help collagen synthesis?

Prolyl- and lysyl hydroxylase use vitamin C as a cofactor to add -OH to a pro-collagen. The addition of the OH groups increases the strength of connective tissue.

The enzymes __________________________ use vitamin C as a cofactor to add ______ groups to pro-collagen.

prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase; OH (this increases the strength of connective tissue)

The __________________ is the inactive protein part of an enzyme, a ____________________ is the non-protein part, and the ________________ is the active enzyme.

apoenzyme; cofactor/coenzyme; holoenzyme

_____________________________ is the most common cause of vitamin toxicity.

Vitamin supplementation

True/False: Vitamin toxicity is hard when they are obtained from food sources.

True.

True/False: Extremely high doses of vitamins can cause cancer, heart disease, liver damage, among other health issues.

True.

__________________ are inorganic atoms or molecules, other than water, that are essential for human survival.

Minerals

True/False: All minerals are essential nutrients.

True. Our body cannot make them.

True/False: Minerals can be destroyed by improper food handling.

False.

(Vitamins/Minerals) are lost via sweat.

Minerals (particularly sodium and chloride, but also potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium)

Macrominerals are needed in what amounts per day?

more than 100 mg

Trace minerals are needed in what amounts per day?

less than 100 mg

What are some examples of macrominerals?

calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfur

Minerals are mostly absorbed in the _______________.

small intestine (and to a lesser extent in the large intestine)

Minerals absorbed in the intestines go to the ______________ via the ___________________.

liver; portal vein

What are five factors that influence mineral bioavailability?

interactions with other dietary components, age, medication, illness, nutritional status

Minerals involved in energy production include...

phosphorous, magnesium, copper, manganese

Minerals involved in nervous system function include...

calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, zinc

Minerals involved in functions relating to blood include...

calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese

Minerals involved in immune system function include...

chloride, iron, zinc

Minerals involved in growth and development include...

sulfur, zinc, manganese

Minerals involved in enzyme function include...

phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium

Minerals involved in bone health include...

calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, fluoride

Minerals involved in antioxidant function include...

copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium

Minerals involved in muscle function include...

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron

Minerals involved in endocrine function include...

zinc, chromium, iodine

Minerals involved in cardiovascular health include...

magnesium, potassium

___________ acts as a cofactor for DNA synthesis.

Zinc

___________ and ___________ combine into clusters and form the most common cofactor observed in nature.

Iron; sulfur

Fe-S clusters are cofactors in functions such as...

ETC, TCA cycle, DNA repliaction/repair

True/False: Mineral toxicity is rare and very unlikely from food.

True. The body tightly regulates absorption, excretion, and storage of minerals.

What are some factors that can give rise to mineral toxicity?

genetic disorders, overconsumption of mineral containing supplements

___________________ is the process of adding nutrients to foods that were either not present or present in small amounts prior to processing.

Fortification

What are four functions of food enrichment and fortification?

(1) Correcting dietary insufficiency in the population, (2) restoring nutrients to their original levels before storage, handling, and processing, (3) providing a balance of vitamins, minerals, and proteins in proportion to the toxic caloric content of the food, (4) preventing nutritional inferiority in a food that replaces traditional food

Adding iodine to salt to prevent goiters and adding folic acid to food to prevent neural tube defects are examples of (enrichment/fortification).

fortification

Adding thiamin to white rice because it is lost during milling is an example of (enrichment/fortification).

enrichment

Adding nutrients to breakfast cereals or calcium/vitamin D to vegan milks are examples of (enrichment/fortification).

fortification

____________________ is the process of adding back micronutrients to a food process, which were lost during processing.

Enrichment

What are the five micronutrients that must be added to label a food as enriched?

mineral iron, 4 B vitamins (thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and folate)

The amounts to which some foods can be enriched is determined by _______.

FDA

True/False: If a product is made with enriched flour, it can be called enriched.

False.

Niacin, riboflavin, folate, thiamin, and iron have been added to pasta at levels suggested by the FDA. This (is/is not) an enriched product.

is

Vitamins A, B, D, E and minerals such as phosphorous and iron have been added to a breakfast cereal. This (is/is not) an enriched product.

is not (it's fortified)

What are some examples of the select foods that can be labeled as enriched?

rice, flour, breads, pasta, farina, cornmeal, corn grits

What are the four B vitamins that must be added to a food in order to label it as enriched?

thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate

True/False: Fortification is a type of enrichment.

False. Enrichment is a type of fortification (that only applies when micronutrients that are lost during processing are added back).