Chapter 14

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9 Terms

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Effectors of the ANS

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands that respond to autonomic nervous system signals.

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Dual innervation

The phenomenon where almost all visceral organs are served by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, causing opposite effects.

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Sympathetic division

The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body during activity and is referred to as the 'fight or flight' system.

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Parasympathetic division

The part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy, often referred to as 'rest and digest'.

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Effects of sympathetic activation

Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart, dilation of bronchioles, and release of glucose from the liver.

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Effects of parasympathetic activation

Lower blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates, increased gastrointestinal tract activity, and constricted pupils.

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Cholinergic fibers

Nerve fibers that release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

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Adrenergic fibers

Nerve fibers that release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.

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Role of the hypothalamus in the ANS

It is the main integrative center of autonomic nervous system activity.