Chapter 14

·       Effectors of the ANS

-cardiac muscle

-smooth muscle

-glands

·       Dual innervation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic

-almost all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but they cause opposite effects

·       Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic: Know the details

-sympathetic division: mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight or flight” system

            -promotes adjustments during exercise or when threatened

                        -blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart

                        -bronchioles dilate

                        -liver releases glucose

-parasympathetic division: promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy (rest and digest)

            -activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading, after a meal

                        -blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low

                        -gastrointestinal tract activity is high

                        -pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision

·       Neurotransmitters of the ANS- Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

-cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine

-adrenergic fibers release norepinephrine

·       Hypothalamus control of the ANS

-main integrative center of ANS activity (the boss)