Cellular respiration ap biology

Where is energy stored in a organic molecule

In their chemical bonds

How are organic molecules broken down into simpler parts

enzymes catalyzing their breakdown

The catabolic breakdown of organic molecules is _____, therefore ____ heat

exergonic, releases

The catabolism of glucose has a ____ change in energy

-686kcal/mol

Cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)

How does atp drive cellular work

phosphorylation - transfer of the terminal phosphate group from atp to another molecule

What does transferring electrons do

The transfer (relocation) of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules, ultimately used to make ATP.

Redox reactions

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

LEO GER

Lose Electrons Oxidized. Gain Electrons Reduced

The breakdown of glucose occurs in multiple steps, each catalyzed by a specific ____

enzyme

Electron carriers

NAD and FAD, controlled reaction of passing electrons which can yield atp

What does the electron transfer chain do

break the fall of electrons to oxygen into multiple steps

Three steps of harvesting energy from glucose

Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate), The citric cycle/krebs cycle (completes breakdown of glucose), Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis)

substrate level phosphorylation

steals a phosphate from a substrate

oxidative level phosphorylation

addition of inorganic phosphate to ADP.

Inputs of glycolysis

1 glucose, 2 ATP, NAD+

outputs of glycolysis

4 ATP, 2 pyruvate, NADH

glycolysis location

cytoplasm/cytosol

Can glycolysis occur with or without oxygen

yes

What happens after glycolysis if oxygen is present

pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA

pyruvate conversion to Acetyl CoA inputs

2 pyruvate, NAD+, Coenzyme A

pyruvate conversion to Acetyl CoA outputs

2 acetyl CoA, CO2 as waste, NADH

pyruvate conversion to Acetyl CoA location

mitochondrial matri

What does the krebs cycle do

oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, completely breaks down acetyl CoA 

Krebs cycle inputs

Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD. ADP

Krebs cycle outputs

CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP

Krebs cycle location

mitochondrial matrix

Where in the mitochondria are electron transport chains found

inner membrane (cristae)

What is the ultimate electron acceptor

O2

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the _____ to the _____. After this, it moves back to the _____ with the enzyme _____. The ____ flow of protons through ATP synthase helps power the ____ reaction phosphorylation with a inorganic phosphate and ADP.

mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane space, mitochondrial matrix, ATP synthase, exergonic, endergonic

How many ATP are generated from each step in getting energy from glucose

2 in glycolysis, 2 in krebs cycle, 28 in oxidative phosphorylation

Alcohol fermentation is performed by what organisms

yeast and bacteria

When does fermentation occur

When there is a absence of o2

Fermentation input

pyruvate, NADH

Alcohol fermentation output

2 Ethanol, CO2, NAD+

Lactase fermentation output

2 Lactic acid, NAD+

Fermentation location

cytoplasm

How much ATP is made per glucose molecule in fermentation

2

How to enter the metabolic pathway of glucose breakdown

break everything down to monomers. Proteins to amino acids, Fats to glycerol and fatty acids.

Proteins vs fats in making ATP

Fats can make twice as much ATP as proteins

Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ___ and ____. Stimulated by ____

ATP, citrate, Adenosine monophosphate