AP Euro Midterm

Hundred Years War

Hundred Years War

War between France and England; caused by both becoming territorial powers, English Edward III claiming the French throne, strong national identity, and a history of prejudice and animosity.

Stages: Reign of Edward III, French Defeat and Treaty of Troyes, Joan of Arc and Conclusion

Estates General

Legislative/consultative assembly of France. Represents 3 estates of France (clergy, nobility, commoners)

Ratify/approve taxes, oversee king for justice, address national debt, ect.

Jacquerie

The French peasant rebellion of 1358. During 100 YRS War, suppressed quickly.

Destroyed noble castles and killed dozens of noblemen

Joan of Arc

A young peasant girl from France who, claiming divine guidance, led the French army to significant victories against the English during the 100 YRS War

The Black Death

A devastating bubonic plague pandemic that swept through Europe in the mid-14th century, killing a significant portion of the population and causing profound social, economic, and religious upheaval.

Unum Sanctum

A bull issued that declared temporal authority was subject to the spiritual power of the church; (God gave pope power over the nation, basically)

The Avignon Papacy

Line of popes which gained a reputation of materialism. Sold indulgences (or pardons for sins in exchange for money) and taught purgatory (you could pay your dead friends into salvation)

Lollards

In England, followers of John Wycliffe; a group that supported monarchical rights over papal, had views on clerical poverty and merit based authority, preaching in Vernacular.

Hussites

Followers of Jan Hus, challenge authority of Catholic Church. Ad

Conciliar Movement

People wanted to create a church system where a regulatory council could regulate actions of the pope

Effects: monarchs increased control, religious responsibility moves to secular government, people believe that leaders should care about the well being of their people

Giotto

Artist, “Forerunner of Italian Renaissance”

Realism, good form, improved juxtaposition/dimension

4 Humours Theory

Belief that people have 4 humours, and if they are imbalanced, that is what leads to illness

Yellow bile

Black bile

Blood

Phlegm

The Renaissance

“Rebirth”; contrast to Middle Ages, began in Italian city-states, “Age of Recovery,” mostly only for the elites

Hanseatic League

A group of German merchant cities

Medici Family

Bankers from Florence, went from cloth manufacturing to commerce, real estate, and banking, became the official bankers of the papacy

Bourgeoisie

Merchants and Artisans

Patricians

Top of the urban society. Trade, industry, and banking

Niccolo Machiavelli

Diplomat, wrote The Prince (treatise on political power), ancient Roman ideas, focused on Italy’s political problems. Concerned with the acquisition and expansion of power as a means to restore and maintain order in his time

Renaissance

Intellectual movement based on the study of classic literary works of Greece and Rome

Grammar, poetry, history, rhetoric, ethics/morality, philosophy

Vernacular

Local language of ordinary people; contrasts to formal/literary language

Secularism

Characteristic of Renaissance; not bound to religious/spiritual ideas

Petrarch

Father of Renaissance Humanism; characterized Middle Ages as an age of darkness

Printing Press

Made by Johannes Gutenberg; stimulated intellectual movement by making knowledge easier to print, sell, read, and spread

Botticelli

Renaissance artist- Birth of Venus & Primavera

Brunelleschi

Renaissance artist and architect- The Duomo on the cathedral of Florence

Da Vinci

Renaissance artist who introduced a portrayal of the ideal form rather than realism

Raphael

Renaissance artist- School of Athens

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist/architect- Sistine Chapel, David

Jan Van Eyck

Northern renaissance artist- oil paint and accurate details

Albrecht Dürer

Northern renaissance artist- Adoration of the Magi, printmaking

Borgia Family

Prominent Spanish noble dynasty that gained significant power in Italy during Renaissance

Christian Humanism

Branch of Humanism in Northern European Renaissance. Studied classical texts and sought to give it a specifically Christian content. Religious piety, institutional reform

Erasmus

Northern humanist. Wrote in Latin, not vernacular like most humanists. Wanted to reform the Catholic Church, not destroy it. In Praise of Folly

Thomas More

Prominent English humanist, statesman, and lawyer. Wrote Utopia depicting ideal society; Lord Chancellor of king Henry VII, executed after refusing to acknowledge king as head of church. Devout Catholics, religion>politics.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa

Caravel

A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship. Made by Portuguese. Gave them distinct advantage in exploration and trade

Astrolabe

Navigational instrument used during age of exploration. Helped determine the position of the ship at sea

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided newly “discovered” areas into spheres of Spanish and Portuguese influence

Middle Passage

Routes that slave ships used to transport slaves from West Africa to Americas

Triangular trade

Transatlantic trade system that connected Europe, Africa, and Americas. European manufactured goods → slaves from Africa → American raw materials

Asiento

Spanish policy that allowed the British the privilege of trading in Spain’s territory in America. Resulted in huge spike in slave trade

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods between Americas and Eurpope/Asia/Africa. Examples:

American potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, tobacco, and corn to Europe

Eurasian/African livestock, grains, citrus fruits, disease, and slaves to Americas

The Commercial Revolution

In the late Middle Ages, global economy was formed. Inflation began, standard of living drops, aristocrats flourish even more, and entrepreneurs prosper.

Joint Stock Companies

Individuals buy shares of a company and receive dividends

Mercantilism

The belief that the total volume of trade is unchangeable.

Says that there must be a good balance of trade and have good intervention from the state for the good of said state

Indulgences

Issued by Catholic Church, allowed people to purchase their forgiveness for sins.

Martin Luther

German theologian and religious reformer

95 Theses

Luther’s 95 reasons why indulgences are wrong. Same time as printing press, so got really popular. Rapidly spread to Germany and other places with Luther’s ideas.

Edict of Worms

Used by the Catholic Church to prevent Luther from spreading his ideas

The Peasants’ War

The peasants rebelled because of their want of new demands for taxes and other services as well as social discontent which involved a religious revolt

Primacy of Scripture

Protest reformation concept that the Bible is the ultimate source of religious authority, essentially meaning that what the Bible says is more true than extra words added by the church/pope

Zwingli

Swiss Protestant reformer who played crucial role in early stages of reformation. Advocated for break from catholic traditions and the establishment of a reformed Christian church

Anabaptists

Protestant sect from reformation that only believed in adult baptism, meaning they re-baptized adults who had been baptized as infants

Queen Mary I of England

Bloody Mary- first queen regnant of England. Attempted to forcefully restore Catholicism to England. Wide-spread persecution of Protestants

Queen Elizabeth I of England

Reign largely stabilized England’s religious landscape by establishing the Anglican Church, following the tumultuous period of upheaval caused by the reformation, ending the conflict with her country

John Calvin

Key leader of Protestant reformation, most notably known for his doctrine of predestination- God predetermines who would be saved and who would not. Established strict Protestant church in Geneva, Switzerland. Followers= Calvinists

Predestination

God chooses who will be saved and who won’t prior to death and history. Idea of John Calvin

Catholic Reformation

Internal reform movement within the Catholic Church that arose in response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to address corruption and abuses within the church by reaffirming traditional Catholic doctrine, implementing stricter practices, and establishing new religious orders like the jesuits, all while attempting to prevent further loss of followers to Protestantism

The Council of Trent

A series of meetings held by the Catholic Church between 1545 and 1563 in the city of Trent, Italy, aimed at clarifying and reaffirming Catholic doctrine in response to the challenges posed by the Protestant reformation

The Jesuits

Members of the society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded by Ignacio’s Loyola in the 16th. Entry, primarily known for their missionary work, education, and efforts to counter the spread of Protestantism during the Counter-Reformation, effectively acting as the “foot soldiers” of the Catholic Church across Europe

Teresa de Avila

Nun, prominent Spanish mystic and reformer of the Carmelite order

Huguenots

French Protestants, primarily followers of John Calvin’s teachings, who lived in France during 16-17th century, often facing persecution from Catholic majority, leading to significant religious conflicts known Wars of religion

War of the Three Henrys

Civil war in France fought between King Henry III, Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre, Catholic League leader Henry of Guise

Edict of Nantes

Made Catholicism the official religion of France

The Thirty Years War

Major European conflict fought mostly in the Holy Roman Empire. Initially stemmed from religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants but eventually a political struggle for power across the continent

Defenestration of Prague

When Protestant nobles in Prague threw two Catholic imperial regents and their secretary out of a window at Prague Castle

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden who played crucial role in 30 years war by significantly supporting Protestant cause with innovative military tactics. “Father of Modern Warfare”

Peace of Westphalia

A series of treatise signed in 1648 that ended the 30 yers war

Putting Out System

A pre-industrial manufacturing system where merchants provided raw materials to rural households, who then produced finished goods in their homes. This decentralized production method allowed families to engage in textile production and other crafts, facilitating economic independence and contributing to the gradual shift toward industrialization.

Mannerism

An art style that emerged in the late renaissance characterized by the elongated figures, distorted proportions, and departure from classical ideals of balance and harmony

Baroque Art

A style of art that emerged in the late 16th century. Characterized by dramatic contrasts of light and shadow, ornate decoration, a sense of movement and dynamism, and a strong focus on evoking emotion in the viewer

Bernini

Prominent Italian sculpture and architect from the baroque period, Ecstacy of Saint Teresa

Caravaggio

An Italian Baroque painter renowned for his dramatic use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) and realistic depiction of human figures, influencing the Baroque movement significantly

Gentileschi

An Italian Baroque painter and one of the few prominent female artists of her time, known for powerful works like Judith Slaying Holofernes

Dutch Realism

A 17th century art movement in the Netherlands focusing on detailed, realistic portrayals of everyday life, landscape, and still lifes, reflecting the wealth and culture of the Dutch Golden Age

Rembrandt

A Dutch painter and etcher, considered one of the greatest visual artists in art history, known for masterpieces like “The Night Watch” and his profound self-portraits

William Shakespeare

An English playwright and poet during the Elizabethan era, often regarded as the greatest writer in the English language, known for works like “Hamlet,” “Romeo and Juliet,” and “Macbeth.”

Absolutism

A form of government where the monarch hold supreme unrestricted power, often justified by a doctrine of divine right

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, making the accountable only to divine judgement and not to their subjects

Sovereignity

The ultimate authority within a territory, possessing the full right and power to govern without an interference from outside sources or bodies

Constitutionalism

A political system in which the authority of government is defined and limited by a constitution, emphasizing the protection of individual rights and the rule of law

Louis XIV of France

Known as the “Sun King,” he reigned from 1643-1715 and is often cited as the quintessential absolute monarch, centralist power and exemplifying absolutist principles.

Palace of Versailles, controlled his nobles

Intendants

Royal officials in France under Louis XIV who were sent to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government, thereby strengthening royal authority.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to King Louis XIII, he played a crucial role in strengthening the central authority of the French monarchy and suppressing domestic factions

Cardinal Mazarin

Successor to Cardinal Richelieu, he served as the chief minister during the early reign of Louis XIV and continued policies aimed at consolidating royal power

Fronde and Second Fronde

• 1- a series of civil wars in France during the minority of Louis XIV. It was caused by growing power of the monarchy, heavy taxation, and noble opposition to centralization. Began as a parliamentary rebellion where judicial bodies challenged the authority of the crown, particularly regarding tax policies

• 2- this phase was led by discontented nobles, including princes such as Louis II of Condé, who sought to reclaim power and influence lost to Cardinal Mazarin and the centralizing policies of the monarchy. The nobility’s internal divisions ultimately led to their defeat, and Louis XIV emerged determined to consolidate absolutist power.

Parlement

In France, a regional appellate court composed of nobles; they most notable was the Parlement of Paris, which had significant judicial and political influence, especially before the French Revolution

Versailles

A grand palace built by Louis XIV outside Paris, serving as the royal residence and a symbol of absolute monarchy, where the king could keep the nobility under close watch

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister under Louis XIV, he implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen France’s economy and increase state power

Transatlantic Trade

The exchange of goods, people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including the notorious Atlantic slave trade, which forcibly transported Africans to the new world.

Peter the Great of Russia

Tsar from 1682 to 1725, he implemented extensive reforms aimed at modernizing Russia and consolidating autocratic rule, including the westernization of Russian society and government

Great Northern War

A conflict from 1700 to 1721 in which Peter the Great’s Russia fought against Sweden to gain access to the Baltic Sea, resulting in Russia’s emergence as a major European power

William of Orange

Also known as William III, he became King of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the Glorious Revolution

James I of England

King of England from 1603 to 1625, he advocated for the divine right of kings and sought to govern without parliamentary interference, leading to tensions that contributed to the English Civil War

English Civil War

A series of conflicts from 1642 to 1651 between Royalists (supporters of King Charles I) and the Parliamentarians, resulting in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell

Cavaliers

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, mainly composed of royalists and Anglicans favoring monarchical power

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War, largely Puritans and middle-class citizens advocating for parliamentary supremacy

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War, later became “Lord Protector” ruling England as a republic until the Interregnum

Whigs

A political faction and then a political party in England, opposing absolute monarchy and supporting constitutional monarchism, playing a significant role in the Glorious Revolution

Tories

A political faction in England favoring royal authority and the Anglican Church, often opposing the Whigs; they evolved into the Conservative Party