Psychology Test 3

Elisabeth Kubler Ross

was famous for studying death and dying.

Denial and Isolation (5 stages of death)

characterized by shock, numbness, and refusal to accept the news

Anger Stage

feelings of injustice and "why me?"

Bargaining Phase

try to find a way around it, or making promises to avoid death

Depression (5 Stages of Death)

feelings of grief, depression, and lonliness

Acceptance (5 Stages of Death)

a quiet expectation

Cognitive Scripts

psychologist term for our usual way of organizing concepts,"throw a shoe.

Grammar and Syntax

rules that govern how words form phrases and sentences.

Cognition

the mental processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving, problem- solving, and remembering.

Ambiguity

words or phrases that can have more than one meaning or be understood more than one way.

Howard Gardner

proposed that instead of just one single intelligence, there are actually eight areas of intelligence.

8 Distinct Intelligences

1. Logical 2. Visual 3. Verbal 4. Musical 5. Bodily 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalistic (9? Existential Intelligence)

Addiction/Dependence

experiences unpleasant symptoms when not using the drug.

Tolerance

need to increase the quantity of the substance to get the same effect.

Heuristics

simple "rules of thumb "as a mental shortcut.

Morphemes

smallest meaningful units of language.

Phonemes

smallest distinguishable sounds.

Semantics

study of the meaning of language.

Meditation

is associated with long- term health benefits and stress reduction.

John Locke

children are born a blank slate "tabula rasa, " lead to behaviorism ideas (what is reinforced)

Withdrawal Symptoms

felt when the drug is no longer in the system.

Schemas

the way we organize concepts, also called our worldview.

Concepts

categories by which we describe the physical world (birds, fishing, death, love)

Christian meditation

is focusing attention on the Word of God.

Recapitulation Theory

embryo development follows the path of evolutionary development of species (rejected theory)

Sensory Motor Stage of Piaget's Theory

birth to 18 months, discover causality and object permanence

Pre-Operations Stage of Piaget's Theory

18 months to 6 years, use symbols and language skills

Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget's Theory

6 to 12 years, develop conversation, matter doesn't change because of form

Formal Operational Stage of Piaget's Theory

12 to 18 years, abstract thinking, use logic, hypothetical situations, and conclusions

Oral Stage (psycho-sexual)

birth to 1 year old, gratification is mouth oriented

Anal Stage (psycho-sexual)

1 to 2 years, gratification is centered on feces and parental expectations

Phallic Stage (psycho-sexual)

2 to 6 years, gratification centers on sexuality and genitals

latency stage (psycho-sexual)

6 to 12 years, sexual urges are dormant

Genital Stage (psycho-sexual)

12 years to death, spend the rest of our lives repressing or redirecting sexual energy

Erik Erikson

developed the theory of psycho-social development

Trust vs. Mistrust (psycho-social)

birth to 18 months, do we form trusting relationships or not

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (psycho social)

18 months to 3 years, do we develop a sense of positive independence or shame and self-doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt (psycho social)

3 to 6 years, do we have a sense of confidence/control or guilt/timidity

Industry vs. Inferiority (psycho social)

6 to 12 years, do we develop a sense of industry, competence, and mastery, or inadequacy and inferiority

Identity vs. Role Confusion (psycho social)

12 to 18 years, in the midst of rapid change, do we develop unique aspirations and beliefs or self-doubt/confusion/rebellion

Intimacy vs. Isolation (psycho social)

18 to 40 years, will we form lasting intimate relationships or turn to loneliness

Generativity vs. Stagnation

40 to 65 years, will we continue to contribute and have purpose of being or be self-centered and stagnate

Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (psycho social)

65 years to death, will we look back on life with a sense of completeness or with bitterness and defeat

Consciousness

the awareness one has of oneself and the environment, the subjective experiencing of a stimulus or mental state, many different states with their own distinctive brainwave patterns

Evolutional Theory on Dreams

to rehearse survival strategies

Psycho-Analytic Theory on Dreams

way to express our latent sexual desires

Depressants

sedatives or tranquilizers, slow or depress neural activity, alcohol and pain killers

Stimulants

mimic adrenaline and increase neural activity, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine

Opiates

mimic endorphins and act like pain killers and stress reducers, heroine, opium

Hallucinogens

produce hallucinations and mood changes, LSD, ecstasy, marijuana

sleep deprivation

chronic and severe lack of sleep, impaired thinking, lose motor coordination, hallucinations

REM Behavior Disorder

acting out violent/intense dreams

Somnambulism and somniloquoy

sleep walking and sleep talking

Alfred Binet

developed the first IQ (Intelligence Quotient) as a way to measure intelligence, ratio of mental age to chronological age times 100

Nativist Theory

Noam Chomsky, children are born with a "universal grammar" of pre-programmed set of rules of language

Attachment Theory

the lasting psychological connection between two people, secure attachment, ambivalent attachment, avoidant attachment

Conjunctive Concepts

2 or more features in common (clouds and cotton balls are both white and fluffy)

Disjunctive Concepts

possession of any one set of attributes

Field Independent Thinkers

analytic and break things into smaller parts

Field Dependent Thinkers

big picture, meaning and purpose

Deductive Reasoning

use of logic and algorithms to solve problems

Egocentric

thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others; self-centered