Psychology Test 3
Human Development- the study of the lifelong process of change and the environmental and genetic factors that influence it.
Physical
Sexual
Cognitive
Emotional
Moral
Social
John Locke- children are born a blank slate “tabula rasa,” lead to behaviorism ideas (what is reinforced)
Jean Jacques Rousseau- children are born good and then society and environment interfere with natural goodness
Immanuel Kant- inborn characteristics and external world-drive development
G. Stanley Hall (Recapitulation Theory)- embryo development follows the path of evolutionary development of species (rejected theory, but used to support evolution)
Prenatal- the time between conception and birth
Zygote- conception until implantation
Embryo- once implants in uterus. By week 4 “neural groove” develops, by week 7 brain stem forms
Fetus- roughly 8 weeks gestation until birth. Beginning at week 8, fetus nervous system forms roughly 250,000 new neurons every minute. While in the womb can feel pain, responds to mother’s moods, have REM sleep and may dream, form memories and preferences.
Reflexes From Birth:
Swallowing Reflex- swallow liquid without choking
Rooting Reflex- turns head when something touches cheek
Grasping Reflex- close fist around something put in hand
Stepping Reflex- make stepping motion if held upright and feet lightly touch a surface
4 Stages:
**Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 18 moths)-**discover causality and Object Permanence
Pre-Operations Stage (18 moths to 6 years)- Use symbols and language skills
Concrete Operational Stage (6 to 12 years)- Develop Conservation, matter doesn’t change because of form
Formal Operational Stage (12-18 years)- Abstract thinking, use logic, hypothetical situations, and draw conclusions
Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year old)- gratification is mouth-oriented
Anal Stage (1-2 years old)- gratification centers on feces and parental expectations
Phallic Stage (2-6 years old)- gratification centers on sexuality and genitals
Latency Stage (6-12 years old)- sexual urges are dormant
Genital Stage (12-death)- spend the rest of our lives repressing or redirecting sexual energy
(Erik Erikson)
Like Piaget because he believed development went through stages
Like Freud because he believed that every stage has a crises that must be successfully navigated
8 Stages:
Trust v. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)- do we form trusting relationships or develop a sense of mis-trust?
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years)- do we develop a sense of positive independence or shame and self-doubt?
Initiative v. Guilt (3 to 6 years)- do we have a sense of confidence/control or guilt/timidity?
Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 years)- do we develop a sense of industry, competence, and mastery, or inadequacy and inferiority?
Identity v. Role Confusion (12-18 years)- in the midst of rapid change, do we develop unique/appropriate aspirations and beliefs or self-doubt/confusion/rebellion?
Intimacy v. Isolation (18 to 40 years)- will we form lasting intimate relationships or turn to loneliness
Generativity v. Stagnation (40 to 65 years)- will we continue to contribute and have purpose of become self-centered and stagnate
Ego Integrity v. Despair (65-death)- will we look back on life with a sense of completeness or with bitterness and defeat?
Lawrence Kohlberg- interested in how we think about right and wrong
Pre-Conventional Stage- moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment and advancing own interests
Conventional Level- moral reasoning is based on conforming to the expectation of others and respect for authority
Post-Conventional Level- moral reasoning is based on internalized humanistic principles of justice, reciprocity, and human dignity
Attachment- the lasting psychological connection between two people
Secure Attachment
Ambivalent Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Three main parenting styles and their influence on child development
Authoritarian Parents- produce anxious withdrawn children
Permissive Parents- produce children with poor social skills, poor emotional control and little persistence in tasks
Authoritative Parents- produce children who are friendly, cooperative, and self-reliant
As we age, we experience physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes
Social and Emotional changes as we age, increased risk of isolation and depression can lead to increased heart disease
Cognitive Changes:
Dementia, Parkinson’s Strokes, Alzheimer’s
Flexible and Crystallized Intelligence:
Flexible- basic mental abilities, abstract thinking, encoding short-term memories (new learning)
Crystallized- knowledge accumulated over a lifetime (existing memories)
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross- was famous for studying death and dying
Denial and Isolation- characterized by shock, numbness, and refusal to accept the news
Anger Stage- feelings of injustice and “why me?”
Bargaining Phase- try to find a way around it, or making promises to be able to avoid death
Depression- feelings of grief, depression, and hopelessness
Acceptance- a quiet expectation
The awareness one has of oneself and the environment
The capacity to be explicitly aware of oneself and to make explicit free-will decisions
The ability to establish meaningful relationships
The subjective experiencing of a stimulus or mental state
The ability to attribute goals
The locus for human decision-making
The essence of Mankind’s God-likeness
Naturalist- consciousness is simply a product of brain activities reserved for the most highly evolved creatures
Christian- consciousness is part of our God-likeness and the way we interact with God and others
Many states of consciousness, each with their own distinctive brainwave patterns
Sleep/Dreams
Daydreams
Hypnosis
Meditation
Drugs/Chemicals
Heat, fatigue, exhaustion, dehydration, malnutrition
Stage 1- Falling asleep, heart and breathing rates drop, may have odd mental images
Stage 2- short bursts (sleep spindles) of electrical voltage responding to sound
Stage 3 and 4- breathing deepens, muscles relax, groggy and confused if awakened
Stage 5- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
Repair/Restoration Theory
Information Consolidation Theory
Adaptive Theories- had some type of evolutionary advantage
Newborns: 18hrs
Teenagers: 9hrs
Adults: 7-8hrs
**-**As little as 4-5, as much as 10, pregnant women need more sleep
Sleep Debt- the difference between amount of time spent sleeping and amount of sleep needed
Sleep Deprivation- chronic and severe lack of sleep, impaired thinking, lose motor coordination, hallucinations
Insomnia, hypersomnia
Somnambulism (sleepwalking), somniloquy (sleep talking)
Narcolepsy
Sleep Apnea (stop breathing)
Sleep Paralysis
REM Behavior Disorder (acting out violent/intense dreams)
Dream is a form of thought
Can occur at any stage, but most vivid and memorable in REM
Dream 4-6 times a night
Dream total of 6 years of our life
Evolutional Theory- rehearse survival strategies
Activation Synthesis Theory- create dreams to explain the random impulses during sleep
Reorganize Neural Connections
Interpretation of surrounding stimuli
Information Processing
Resolve emotional conflict
No one knows??
Psychoanalytic Theory- way to express our latent sexual desires
Symbolic representations of memories
Unconscious Problem Solving
Cosmic messages from ¨spiritual forces´´
How does God use dreams?
Altered Trance-like state
Franz Alton Mesmer credited with the discovery of hypnosis (Mesmerism)
James Braid- hypnotic induction using eye fatigue to induce hypnotic trance
The practice of calming the mind and focusing attention
Christian meditation is focusing attention on the Word of God
Meditation is associated with long-term health benefits and stress reduction
Alter consciousness, behavior, cognition, and emotions
Tolerance- need to increase quantity of substance to get same effect
Dependence/Addiction- experiences unpleasant symptoms when not using the drug
Withdrawal- symptoms felt when the drug is no longer in the system
Psychological Dependence- mental or emotional discomfort when not using the drug
Physiological Dependence- physical symptoms when not using the drug
4 Catagories:
Depressants:
Sedatives or tranquilizers (they slow or depress neural activity)
Alcohol
Pain Killers
Stimulants:
Mimic adrenaline and increase neural activity
Caffeine
Amphetamines and Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Nicotine
Opiates:
Mimic endorphins and act like pain killers and stress reducers
Heroine
Opium
Oxycodone (codeine and hydrocodone)
Withdrawal from Opiates can be so severe that we often use Methadone (a long-acting opiates) to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Hallucinogens:
Produce hallucinations and mood changes
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
Ecstasy
Marijuana- from the cannabis plant, can result in changes in mood and behavior
Amotivational Syndrome (apathy, poor judgement, concentration deficits) can result from Marijuana use
Cognition- the mental processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving, problem-solving, and remembering
Cognitions are our thoughts
Thoughts and Language are completely intertwined
Concepts- categories by which we describe the physical world (birds, fishing, death, love)
Simple Concept- a single feature in common (bird)
Prototype- idea example of a concept (bird=robin vs. ostrich)
Conjunctive Concept- 2 or more features in common (clouds and cotton balls are both white and fluffy)
Disjunctive Concepts- “either-or” same word with different meaning (word “strike”)
Schemas- the way we organize concepts, also called our worldview
Cognitive Scripts- psychologist term for our usual way of organizing concepts, “throw a shoe”
Refers to the way in which you process information
Field Independent Thinkers- analytic and break things into smaller parts
Field Dependent Thinkers- big picture, meaning and purpose
**Deductive Reasoning-**use of logic and algorithms to solve problems
Heuristics- simple “rules of thumb” as a mental shortcut
One of the most complex of mental activities involving perception, memories, emotions, attitudes, and reasoning
Barriers:
Perceptual Barriers- if perception is faulty, solution will be faulty
Fixations- tendency to repeat wrong solutions
Mental Set- approaching all problems the same
Belief Bias- favor info that confirms assumptions
Believe Perseverance- stick with decision, even when shown it’s wrong
Availability Bias- make decisions based on what’s easiest
Functional Fixedness- inability to see new uses for familiar objects
Defined as a set of symbols used to represent objects according to a set of rules
Semantics- study of the meaning of language
Phonemes- smallest distinguishable sounds
Morphemes- smallest meaningful units of language
Grammar and Syntax- rules that govern how words form phrases and sentences
Language Development:
Babies go through the same stages of language development. Children not exposed to formal language will make one up
Crying
Babbling
Holophrases (one word sentences)
Complex Phrases
Ambiguity- words or phrases that can have more than one meaning or be understood more than one way
Theories of Language Development:
Learning Theory- Behaviorist model
Nativist Theory- Noam Chomsky, children are born with a “universal grammar” of pre-programmed set of rules for language
Interactionist Theory- learn through interplay between innate capacity and environmental influence
What is intelligence?
A Measure of general mental ability
Ability to gather knowledge
Capacity for abstract reasoning and problem solving
Understand and Deal with People, objects, and symbols
Alfred Binet- Developed the fist IQ Test (Intelligence Quotient) as a way to measure intelligence
Ratio of Mental age to chronological age times 100
Actual age 6, but mental age 7 (7/6x100=117)
David Weschler- felt that Binet’s test over emphasized verbal skills so created the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Raymond Cattell- theorized 2 subtypes
Fluid Intelligence- reasoning, memory, spatial ability, and mental speed
Crystallized Intelligence- verbal skills, mathematical skills, ability to use information to solve problems
Howard Gardner- proposed that instead of just one single intelligence, there are actually eight areas of intelligence
Logical- Mathematical Intelligence (scientists and mathematicians)
Visual- Spatial Intelligence (architects and sculptors)
Verbal- Linguistic Intelligence (writers, teachers, attorneys)
Musical Intelligence- developed sensitivity to tone, rhythm (musicians and composers)
Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence (gymnasts, athletes, craftspeople)
Interpersonal Intelligence- (counselors, politicians, pastors)
Intrapersonal Intelligence- self smart ability to respond to own moods, emotions, and attitudes
Naturalistic Intelligence- understanding of nature, plants and animals
*Possible 9th- Existential Intelligence- sensitivity to issues of death, philosophy, and religions
Human Development- the study of the lifelong process of change and the environmental and genetic factors that influence it.
Physical
Sexual
Cognitive
Emotional
Moral
Social
John Locke- children are born a blank slate “tabula rasa,” lead to behaviorism ideas (what is reinforced)
Jean Jacques Rousseau- children are born good and then society and environment interfere with natural goodness
Immanuel Kant- inborn characteristics and external world-drive development
G. Stanley Hall (Recapitulation Theory)- embryo development follows the path of evolutionary development of species (rejected theory, but used to support evolution)
Prenatal- the time between conception and birth
Zygote- conception until implantation
Embryo- once implants in uterus. By week 4 “neural groove” develops, by week 7 brain stem forms
Fetus- roughly 8 weeks gestation until birth. Beginning at week 8, fetus nervous system forms roughly 250,000 new neurons every minute. While in the womb can feel pain, responds to mother’s moods, have REM sleep and may dream, form memories and preferences.
Reflexes From Birth:
Swallowing Reflex- swallow liquid without choking
Rooting Reflex- turns head when something touches cheek
Grasping Reflex- close fist around something put in hand
Stepping Reflex- make stepping motion if held upright and feet lightly touch a surface
4 Stages:
**Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 18 moths)-**discover causality and Object Permanence
Pre-Operations Stage (18 moths to 6 years)- Use symbols and language skills
Concrete Operational Stage (6 to 12 years)- Develop Conservation, matter doesn’t change because of form
Formal Operational Stage (12-18 years)- Abstract thinking, use logic, hypothetical situations, and draw conclusions
Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year old)- gratification is mouth-oriented
Anal Stage (1-2 years old)- gratification centers on feces and parental expectations
Phallic Stage (2-6 years old)- gratification centers on sexuality and genitals
Latency Stage (6-12 years old)- sexual urges are dormant
Genital Stage (12-death)- spend the rest of our lives repressing or redirecting sexual energy
(Erik Erikson)
Like Piaget because he believed development went through stages
Like Freud because he believed that every stage has a crises that must be successfully navigated
8 Stages:
Trust v. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)- do we form trusting relationships or develop a sense of mis-trust?
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years)- do we develop a sense of positive independence or shame and self-doubt?
Initiative v. Guilt (3 to 6 years)- do we have a sense of confidence/control or guilt/timidity?
Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 years)- do we develop a sense of industry, competence, and mastery, or inadequacy and inferiority?
Identity v. Role Confusion (12-18 years)- in the midst of rapid change, do we develop unique/appropriate aspirations and beliefs or self-doubt/confusion/rebellion?
Intimacy v. Isolation (18 to 40 years)- will we form lasting intimate relationships or turn to loneliness
Generativity v. Stagnation (40 to 65 years)- will we continue to contribute and have purpose of become self-centered and stagnate
Ego Integrity v. Despair (65-death)- will we look back on life with a sense of completeness or with bitterness and defeat?
Lawrence Kohlberg- interested in how we think about right and wrong
Pre-Conventional Stage- moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment and advancing own interests
Conventional Level- moral reasoning is based on conforming to the expectation of others and respect for authority
Post-Conventional Level- moral reasoning is based on internalized humanistic principles of justice, reciprocity, and human dignity
Attachment- the lasting psychological connection between two people
Secure Attachment
Ambivalent Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Three main parenting styles and their influence on child development
Authoritarian Parents- produce anxious withdrawn children
Permissive Parents- produce children with poor social skills, poor emotional control and little persistence in tasks
Authoritative Parents- produce children who are friendly, cooperative, and self-reliant
As we age, we experience physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes
Social and Emotional changes as we age, increased risk of isolation and depression can lead to increased heart disease
Cognitive Changes:
Dementia, Parkinson’s Strokes, Alzheimer’s
Flexible and Crystallized Intelligence:
Flexible- basic mental abilities, abstract thinking, encoding short-term memories (new learning)
Crystallized- knowledge accumulated over a lifetime (existing memories)
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross- was famous for studying death and dying
Denial and Isolation- characterized by shock, numbness, and refusal to accept the news
Anger Stage- feelings of injustice and “why me?”
Bargaining Phase- try to find a way around it, or making promises to be able to avoid death
Depression- feelings of grief, depression, and hopelessness
Acceptance- a quiet expectation
The awareness one has of oneself and the environment
The capacity to be explicitly aware of oneself and to make explicit free-will decisions
The ability to establish meaningful relationships
The subjective experiencing of a stimulus or mental state
The ability to attribute goals
The locus for human decision-making
The essence of Mankind’s God-likeness
Naturalist- consciousness is simply a product of brain activities reserved for the most highly evolved creatures
Christian- consciousness is part of our God-likeness and the way we interact with God and others
Many states of consciousness, each with their own distinctive brainwave patterns
Sleep/Dreams
Daydreams
Hypnosis
Meditation
Drugs/Chemicals
Heat, fatigue, exhaustion, dehydration, malnutrition
Stage 1- Falling asleep, heart and breathing rates drop, may have odd mental images
Stage 2- short bursts (sleep spindles) of electrical voltage responding to sound
Stage 3 and 4- breathing deepens, muscles relax, groggy and confused if awakened
Stage 5- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
Repair/Restoration Theory
Information Consolidation Theory
Adaptive Theories- had some type of evolutionary advantage
Newborns: 18hrs
Teenagers: 9hrs
Adults: 7-8hrs
**-**As little as 4-5, as much as 10, pregnant women need more sleep
Sleep Debt- the difference between amount of time spent sleeping and amount of sleep needed
Sleep Deprivation- chronic and severe lack of sleep, impaired thinking, lose motor coordination, hallucinations
Insomnia, hypersomnia
Somnambulism (sleepwalking), somniloquy (sleep talking)
Narcolepsy
Sleep Apnea (stop breathing)
Sleep Paralysis
REM Behavior Disorder (acting out violent/intense dreams)
Dream is a form of thought
Can occur at any stage, but most vivid and memorable in REM
Dream 4-6 times a night
Dream total of 6 years of our life
Evolutional Theory- rehearse survival strategies
Activation Synthesis Theory- create dreams to explain the random impulses during sleep
Reorganize Neural Connections
Interpretation of surrounding stimuli
Information Processing
Resolve emotional conflict
No one knows??
Psychoanalytic Theory- way to express our latent sexual desires
Symbolic representations of memories
Unconscious Problem Solving
Cosmic messages from ¨spiritual forces´´
How does God use dreams?
Altered Trance-like state
Franz Alton Mesmer credited with the discovery of hypnosis (Mesmerism)
James Braid- hypnotic induction using eye fatigue to induce hypnotic trance
The practice of calming the mind and focusing attention
Christian meditation is focusing attention on the Word of God
Meditation is associated with long-term health benefits and stress reduction
Alter consciousness, behavior, cognition, and emotions
Tolerance- need to increase quantity of substance to get same effect
Dependence/Addiction- experiences unpleasant symptoms when not using the drug
Withdrawal- symptoms felt when the drug is no longer in the system
Psychological Dependence- mental or emotional discomfort when not using the drug
Physiological Dependence- physical symptoms when not using the drug
4 Catagories:
Depressants:
Sedatives or tranquilizers (they slow or depress neural activity)
Alcohol
Pain Killers
Stimulants:
Mimic adrenaline and increase neural activity
Caffeine
Amphetamines and Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Nicotine
Opiates:
Mimic endorphins and act like pain killers and stress reducers
Heroine
Opium
Oxycodone (codeine and hydrocodone)
Withdrawal from Opiates can be so severe that we often use Methadone (a long-acting opiates) to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Hallucinogens:
Produce hallucinations and mood changes
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
Ecstasy
Marijuana- from the cannabis plant, can result in changes in mood and behavior
Amotivational Syndrome (apathy, poor judgement, concentration deficits) can result from Marijuana use
Cognition- the mental processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving, problem-solving, and remembering
Cognitions are our thoughts
Thoughts and Language are completely intertwined
Concepts- categories by which we describe the physical world (birds, fishing, death, love)
Simple Concept- a single feature in common (bird)
Prototype- idea example of a concept (bird=robin vs. ostrich)
Conjunctive Concept- 2 or more features in common (clouds and cotton balls are both white and fluffy)
Disjunctive Concepts- “either-or” same word with different meaning (word “strike”)
Schemas- the way we organize concepts, also called our worldview
Cognitive Scripts- psychologist term for our usual way of organizing concepts, “throw a shoe”
Refers to the way in which you process information
Field Independent Thinkers- analytic and break things into smaller parts
Field Dependent Thinkers- big picture, meaning and purpose
**Deductive Reasoning-**use of logic and algorithms to solve problems
Heuristics- simple “rules of thumb” as a mental shortcut
One of the most complex of mental activities involving perception, memories, emotions, attitudes, and reasoning
Barriers:
Perceptual Barriers- if perception is faulty, solution will be faulty
Fixations- tendency to repeat wrong solutions
Mental Set- approaching all problems the same
Belief Bias- favor info that confirms assumptions
Believe Perseverance- stick with decision, even when shown it’s wrong
Availability Bias- make decisions based on what’s easiest
Functional Fixedness- inability to see new uses for familiar objects
Defined as a set of symbols used to represent objects according to a set of rules
Semantics- study of the meaning of language
Phonemes- smallest distinguishable sounds
Morphemes- smallest meaningful units of language
Grammar and Syntax- rules that govern how words form phrases and sentences
Language Development:
Babies go through the same stages of language development. Children not exposed to formal language will make one up
Crying
Babbling
Holophrases (one word sentences)
Complex Phrases
Ambiguity- words or phrases that can have more than one meaning or be understood more than one way
Theories of Language Development:
Learning Theory- Behaviorist model
Nativist Theory- Noam Chomsky, children are born with a “universal grammar” of pre-programmed set of rules for language
Interactionist Theory- learn through interplay between innate capacity and environmental influence
What is intelligence?
A Measure of general mental ability
Ability to gather knowledge
Capacity for abstract reasoning and problem solving
Understand and Deal with People, objects, and symbols
Alfred Binet- Developed the fist IQ Test (Intelligence Quotient) as a way to measure intelligence
Ratio of Mental age to chronological age times 100
Actual age 6, but mental age 7 (7/6x100=117)
David Weschler- felt that Binet’s test over emphasized verbal skills so created the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Raymond Cattell- theorized 2 subtypes
Fluid Intelligence- reasoning, memory, spatial ability, and mental speed
Crystallized Intelligence- verbal skills, mathematical skills, ability to use information to solve problems
Howard Gardner- proposed that instead of just one single intelligence, there are actually eight areas of intelligence
Logical- Mathematical Intelligence (scientists and mathematicians)
Visual- Spatial Intelligence (architects and sculptors)
Verbal- Linguistic Intelligence (writers, teachers, attorneys)
Musical Intelligence- developed sensitivity to tone, rhythm (musicians and composers)
Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence (gymnasts, athletes, craftspeople)
Interpersonal Intelligence- (counselors, politicians, pastors)
Intrapersonal Intelligence- self smart ability to respond to own moods, emotions, and attitudes
Naturalistic Intelligence- understanding of nature, plants and animals
*Possible 9th- Existential Intelligence- sensitivity to issues of death, philosophy, and religions
