AEMT Chapter 7 - The Human Body

Increased myocardial contractility secondary to stretching of the myocardial walls is called the:

Frank-Starling effect (pg311)

The axial skeleton is composed of:

the skull, face, thoracic cage, and vertebral column. (p278)

As blood enters the lungs, it enters the alveoli by passing across the:

pulmonary capillary. (pg299)

The germinal layer contains cells that produce pigment granules, which help to produce:

skin color. (pg334)

Glycogenolysis is the physiologic process in which:

glycogen is converted to glucose. (pg342)

Following blunt head trauma, a patient becomes combative and verbally abusive. This suggests injury to the:

frontal lobe. (pg327)

A patient is found to have a high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). What is a cause of this?

Deficient insulin levels in the blood (pg342)

During an allergic reaction, basophils release histamines and heparin. What respective roles do these chemicals play?

Increase tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting (pg322)

A newborn's total body water is approximately:

80% of total body weight. (pg272)

A bruit differs from a murmur in that a bruit:

is auscultated over a main blood vessel. (pg309)

The heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the:

mediastinum. (pg306)

Which of the following vessels or structures is not part of the pulmonary circulation?

a. alveolar capillary

b. descending aorta

c. pulmonic valve

d. pulmonary artery

descending aorta (pg315)

What happens when systemic vasoconstriction occurs?

afterload increases (pg322)

All of the following are formed components of the blood, except:

a. red blood cells

b. platelets

c. white blood cells

d. plasma

plasma (pg320)

The heart's primary pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium, is the;

SA node (pg310)

The large opening at the base of the skull is called the:

foramen magnum (pg278)

The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the chest cavity is called the:

parietal pleura. (pg296)

A patient was struck in the right lower anterior chest with a baseball bat. In addition to fractured ribs, you should be suspicious of injury to the:

liver. (pg283)

The adrenal cortex, a portion of the adrenal gland, produces:

corticosteroids. (pg342)

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint where the humeral head articulates with the:

glenoid fossa. (pg285)

In relation to the trachea, where is the thyroid gland located?

laterally (pg282)

Release of the adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) is triggered by:

stress. (pg341)

What physiologic response occurs when a person loses blood?

Vessels constrict and myocardial contractility increases. (pg324)

What physiologic reaction occurs when a person's blood sugar level falls?

Glucagon production is increased. (pg342)

Chemicals in the blood that become ionic conductors when placed in a solvent are called:

electrolytes. (pg270)

Cardiac output is equal to:

stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, CO=SV x HR. (pg311)

Which of the following lists, in the correct order, the return of blood from the systemic circulation to the heart?

a. arterioles, capillaries, arteries, aorta

b. venules, capillaries, veins, vena cava

c. capillaries, arterioles, arteries, aorta

d. capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava (pg305)

What is the cribriform plate?

Horizontal bone through which the olfactory nerve filaments pass (pg279)

The femoral artery gives rise to all of the following arteries, except the:

a. posterior tibial arteries.

b. dorsalis pedis arteries.

c. iliac arteries.

d. popliteal arteries.

iliac arteries (pg318)

In response to shock or stress, sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes:

vasoconstriction. (pg330)

During an infection, white blood cells consume bacteria and foreign particles. This process is called:

phagocytosis. (pg322)

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood (pg325)

The ascending reticular activating system in the brain is responsible for:

maintaining consciousness. (pg328)

The first two cervical vertebrae, in order, are called:

atlas and axis. (pg283)

The respiratory center of the brain is located in the:

medulla. (pg303)

The myocardium is the only muscle that can generate its own electrical impulses. This process is called:

automaticity. (pg310)

Blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the:

vena cava and coronary sinus. (pg308)

Which of the following pairs of cranial nerves carry only sensory fibers?

a. vagus, trochlear, and spinal accessory

b. facial, hypoglossal, and glossopharyngeal

c. olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

d. oculomotor, trigeminal, and abducens

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

Which of the following physiologic responses would you expect to see in a patient with a pH of 7.50?

a. decreased respirations

b. bicarbonate retention

c. increased respirations

d. hydrogen ion excretion

increased respirations (pg301)

A normally balanced condition of the body that is resistant to change is called:

homeostasis. (pg273)

The primary function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is:

promotion of water retention. (pg273)

The thyroid gland is responsible for the:

metabolic rate. (pg341)

The shaft of a bone is called the:

diaphysis. (pg276)

Which of the following organs occupies all four abdominal quadrants?

a. colon and pancreas

b. liver and spleen

c. small intestine and colon

d. stomach and pancreas

small intestine and colon (pg336)

The diencephalon, a major region of the brain, contains which of the following structures?

a. medulla and thalamus

b. thalamus and hypothalamus

c. cerebellum and pons

d. pons and medulla

thalamus and hypothalamus (pg330)

The movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called:

diffusion. (pg270)

The middle muscular layer of the heart is called the:

myocardium. (pg306)

Which of the following statements regarding the thyroid cartilage is correct?

a. it is difficult to palpate in women

b. it is inferior to the cricoid cartilage

c. it is the inferior portion of the layrnx

d. it is less prominent in men than in women

it is difficult to palpate in women. (pg281)

What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonary valves?

semilunar (pg308)

Which cranial nerve passes through the internal auditory meatus and provides the senses of hearing and balance?

vestibulocochlear cranial nerve (pg332)

As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the:

AV node. (pg310)

Afterload is defined as the:

degree of pressure against which the left ventricle pumps. (pg311)

The term "anemia" is defined as:

deficiency of red blood cells. (pg320)

When oxygen levels are low or absent, the cells revert to a process of:

anaerobic metabolism. (pg347)

To prevent the tissues from becoming edematous, the ___ system must absorb excess fluid and return it to the central venous circulation.

lymphatic (pg326)

Detoxification of toxic substances, production of bile, and production of certain clotting factors are all functions of the:

liver. (pg340)

All of the following are voluntary muscles, except:

a. striated muscle

b. skeletal muscle

c. smooth muscle

d. somatic muscle

smooth muscle (pg290)

What occurs during the initial phase of hemostasis?

Local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur (pg322)

Systemic vascular resistance is the resistance to blood flow within all the blood vessels, except:

pulmonary vessels. (pg323)

A buffer is a substance that can absorb or donate:

hydrogen ions. (pg301)

Which of the following organs or structures lie in the retroperitoneal space of the abdomen?

a. kidneys

b. spleen

c. liver

d. super vena cava

kidneys (pg343)

The vagus nerve:

carries parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal organs. (pg332)

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it:

allows only certain substances to pass through it. (pg270)

Which two pairs of cranial nerves do not exit from the brainstem?

a. vagus and trigeminal

b. vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal

c. abducens and trochlear

d. optic and olfactory

optic and olfactory (pg333)

Stimulation of the alpha receptors of the sympathetic nervous system results in:

peripheral vasoconstriction. (pg311)

The midbrain, pons, and medulla collectively form the:

brainstem. (pg328)

The brachiocephalic artery is relatively short and rapidly divides into the:

right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. (pg315)

In the pelvis, the descending aorta divides into the:

common iliac arteries. (pg315)

The most common solvent in the body, in which solutes and other substances will dissolve, is:

water. (pg270)

With regard to the heart, ejection fraction is defined as the:

percentage of blood ejected from the heart. (pg312)

Ventricular muscle contraction and the pumping of blood throughout the body occur during:

systole. (pg311)

Stimulation of beta receptors in the sympathetic nervous system results in:

increased myocardial contractility. (pg311)

A 2 year old child has experienced a proximal humeral fracture involving the growth plate. This plate is also called the:

epiphyseal plate (pg276)

Which of the following is not a type of white blood cell?

a. eosinophil

b. basophil

c. neutrophil

d. hemoglobin

hemoglobin (pg322)