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organic agriculture
the cultivation of crops without the use of industrial or synthetic materials
agriculture
the purpose cultivation of crops and livestock
primary economic activities
the growing of food, the taking materials from the earth, and the raising of livestock are primary economic activities
secondary economic activities
manufacturing
tertiary economic activities
connect producers and consumers
quaternary economic activities
relating to money or goods
quinary economic activities
higher education and research
1st AG Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
period when humans transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture.
started 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent (Middle East)
2nd AG Revolution
a series of AG innovations and techniques that started in western Europe. new crops emerged and European governments passed laws to encourage farming. more food = population boom and more industry
Heinrich von Thunen
a farmer who created the von Thunen model based on is discoveries during the 2nd AG Rev
1st ring of von Thunen model
market gardening and dairying
2nd ring of von Thunen model
forest
3rd ring of von Thunen model
increasingly extensive field crops, grains
4th ring of von Thunen model
ranching and livestock
Green revolution
offshoot of the 3rd AG Rev when hybrid seeds of staple crops were introduced. helped reverse famine in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
rectangular survey system
divides land into rectangular formation. USA adopted after American Revolution. most of US
township and range system
divides land using a rigid, grid-like method
metes-and-bounds system
uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land
long-lot survey system
divides land into long narrow plots for equal access to water
dispered settlement
individual houses are far apart. intensively farmed by machines or by hand
nucleated/cluster settlement
houses are group together in tiny clusters or villages
rundling/round settlement
European version of East African circle village
walled settlement
a settlement put walls and/or moats up for protection
grid settlement
a type of settlement where streets are arranged in a grid pattern
plantation farming
production system of colonialism.
grows cash crops
found in tropical regions and/or Middle/South America, Africa, and South Asia
commercial livestock/fruit/grain AG
wheat, livestock, fruit
global
subsistence farming
livestock, rice, wheat, etc
all over world, typically poorer countries
people can’t afford commercial farming
mediterranean AG
grapes, olives, citrus, figs, dates
california, Oregon, central Chile, South Africa - cape town, australia
special mediterranean climate
drug AG
poppy, coca, marijuana
its more profitable to grow drugs
Fair trade companies?
Starbucks, Dunkin, Target, Wal-Mart, Sam’s Club
agribusiness
businesses that provide goods and services to support the AG industry. connect local farms to global web of production
food deserts
areas where people have limited access to fresh and nutritious foods. only have access to cheap, processed foods. found in low income areas.
Bid Rent Theory
Theory that shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market.
The farther from the market, the lower the cost of land is
Intensive and extensive farming practices are in part by land costs.
Extension of the Von Thunen model
Early Agricultural Hearths
Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent)
Indus River Valley (India)
Southeast Asia Central America (Mesoamerica)
