Unit 5: Agriculture - AP Human Geography 2024-25

organic agriculture

the cultivation of crops without the use of industrial or synthetic materials

agriculture

the purpose cultivation of crops and livestock

primary economic activities

the growing of food, the taking materials from the earth, and the raising of livestock are primary economic activities

secondary economic activities

manufacturing

tertiary economic activities

connect producers and consumers

quaternary economic activities

relating to money or goods

quinary economic activities

higher education and research

1st AG Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

period when humans transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture.

started 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent (Middle East)

2nd AG Revolution

a series of AG innovations and techniques that started in western Europe. new crops emerged and European governments passed laws to encourage farming. more food = population boom and more industry

Heinrich von Thunen

a farmer who created the von Thunen model based on is discoveries during the 2nd AG Rev

1st ring of von Thunen model

market gardening and dairying

2nd ring of von Thunen model

forest

3rd ring of von Thunen model

increasingly extensive field crops, grains

4th ring of von Thunen model

ranching and livestock

Green revolution

offshoot of the 3rd AG Rev when hybrid seeds of staple crops were introduced. helped reverse famine in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

rectangular survey system

divides land into rectangular formation. USA adopted after American Revolution. most of US

township and range system

divides land using a rigid, grid-like method

metes-and-bounds system

uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land

long-lot survey system

divides land into long narrow plots for equal access to water

dispered settlement

individual houses are far apart. intensively farmed by machines or by hand

nucleated/cluster settlement

houses are group together in tiny clusters or villages

rundling/round settlement

European version of East African circle village

walled settlement

a settlement put walls and/or moats up for protection

grid settlement

a type of settlement where streets are arranged in a grid pattern

plantation farming

production system of colonialism.

grows cash crops

found in tropical regions and/or Middle/South America, Africa, and South Asia

commercial livestock/fruit/grain AG

wheat, livestock, fruit

global

subsistence farming

livestock, rice, wheat, etc

all over world, typically poorer countries

people can’t afford commercial farming

mediterranean AG

grapes, olives, citrus, figs, dates

california, Oregon, central Chile, South Africa - cape town, australia

special mediterranean climate

drug AG

poppy, coca, marijuana

its more profitable to grow drugs

Fair trade companies?

Starbucks, Dunkin, Target, Wal-Mart, Sam’s Club

agribusiness

businesses that provide goods and services to support the AG industry. connect local farms to global web of production

food deserts

areas where people have limited access to fresh and nutritious foods. only have access to cheap, processed foods. found in low income areas.

Bid Rent Theory

Theory that shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market.

The farther from the market, the lower the cost of land is

Intensive and extensive farming practices are in part by land costs.

Extension of the Von Thunen model

Early Agricultural Hearths

Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent)

Indus River Valley (India)

Southeast Asia Central America (Mesoamerica)