Bio Module 1

What is technology based on biology?

What is technology based on biology?

Biotechnology

It is simply applied biology.

Biotechnology

What are the areas where Biotechnology is mostly used

- Medicine 
- Agriculture 
- Biofuels 
- Genetics 

Also called Recombination

Genetic Engineering

In genetic engineering, the products are called _________.

Recombinant DNA

Identifies traits that are favorable and inserts it in another organism. 

Genetic Engineering

What is the most common gene editing tool?

CRISPR

What does CRISPR stand for?

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats 

What is a good example of a product of Genetic Engineering?

Production of BT Plants 

What does BT stand for? 

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacteria that produce proteins that are harmful to insects (Moths and Butterflies)

Bacillus thuringiensis

It is the gene of interest

Target DNA

The cell or organism where the target DNA can be found

Donor

Used to cut DNA into fragments 

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes cut specific segments of the DNA called the ______

Restriction sites

Restriction sites are naturally _____ bases 

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Are palindromic in nature

Restriction sites

Carries target gene into a host cell (Plasmids and Bacteriophage) 

DNA Cloning Vectors

A circular double stranded DNA in a bacteria 

Plasmid

Are plasmids capable of manifesting the trait and producing the protein? 

No

A bacterial cell that allows the cloning vector to replicate within it. 

Host cell

In a host cell, the host should be _________, harmless microorganism which is easy for cultivation 

Non-pathogenic

Introduces minor bases into DNA or RNA (e.g. DNA Ligase and Taq Polymerase) 

Modifying enzymes

What replaces DNA Polymerase in PCR?

Taq Polymerase

Is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA (ex. gene)

DNA Cloning

 In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a _______. 

Plasmid

What are the two types of cloning?

- Molecular cloning
- Reproductive cloning

What does SCNT stand for?

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

The byproduct of a reproductive cloning called SCNT

Dolly the sheep

Most recent byproduct of reproductive cloning

Huahua and Zhong Zhong

Before you start with cloning, you have to first _______.

Extract the DNA from a cell

What is stage 1 in DNA extraction?

Isolation of a target gene

Stage 1 of DNA extraction can be done using:

(1) Cutting the gene from a complete chromosome using a restriction enzyme  
(2) producing complementary DNA (cDNA)

To do stage 1 of DNA extraction, the DNA must first be _________.

Cut into fragments and the one containing the desired gene must be identified

In stage 1 of DNA Extraction, remember to use the same __________.

Restriction enzyme

What is stage 2 of DNA extraction?

Insertion of a target gene into a vector 

In stage 2 of DNA Extraction, the gene is inserted into vectors such as plasmids and bacteriophages resulting in ________. 

Recombinant DNA

In stage 2 of DNA Extraction, __________ that have been isolated from bacterial cells must be mixed with the same restriction enzymes used to cut the DNA molecule. This is done to produce the same sequence of sticky ends. 

Bacterial plasmids

What is stage 3 of DNA extraction?

Introduction of vector into a host 

Is a method used to amplify DNA, it resembles replication but is carried out in a test tube 

Polymerase Chain Reaction 

What are the tools used in PCR?

 1. Thermocycler 
2. Test Tube Containing the DNA Sample 
3. DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) 
4. Primers 
5. Free DNA Nucleotides 

What is step 1 of PCR?

Denaturation

What happens in step 1 of PCR?

The DNA molecule is exposed to a high temperature to break the hydrogen bonds between strands 

What is step 2 of PCR?

Annealing

What happens in step 2 of PCR?

The DNA molecule will be exposed at a lower temperature to allow the primers to attach to the Single-Strand DNA. The role of the primer is to let Taq Polymerase copy the segment. 

Taq Polymerase is derived from the bacteria _______ 

Thermus aquaticus

It mimics DNA polymerase but can survive extreme temperatures

Taq Polymerase

What is step 3 in PCR?

Extension

What happens in step 3 of PCR?

The temperature will be raised again. Taq Polymerase will copy and text the segment of DNA. 

After 1 cycle of PCR, how many copies of DNA are there?

4 copies

After the third step, it is considered that 1 cycle is complete and there are ___ amounts of DNA in the container (usually an Eppendorf). 

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