Cell Theory, Structure, and Cell-to-Cell Connection

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50 Terms

1

Cell Theory

Proposed to explain the observation that all organisms are composed of cells

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2

Principles of Cell Theory

-         All organisms are composed of one or more cells and the life process of a metabolism and heredity occur within these cells

-         Cells are the smallest living things, the basis unit of organization.

-         Cells only arise through the division of previously existing cells

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Benefits of Cell Size

-         Most cells are small because of the need for diffusion

-         The rate of diffusion is effected by:

o   Surface area

o   Temperature

o   Concentration of the substance

o   Distance over which the diffusion occurs

-         Benefits:

-         Small cells have a larger volume-to-surface area ratio compared to larger cells

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4

Cell Structure

All cells resemble one another in fundamental ways

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4 Features that All Cells Share:

Centrally located genetic information, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and plasma membranes

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells in multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) Achievement of compartmentalization through the endomembrane systems (existence of organelles), have membrane-bound organelle

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1.      The Plasma Membrane

a.      Made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal content of the cell from its surrounding environment.

b.      Regulates the passage of substances like organic molecules, ions and water

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1.      The Cytoplasm

a.      The contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

b.      Made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol

c.      Cytosol- the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell within which various organelles and particles are suspended

d.      Function: medium for chemical reactions

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1.      The Cytoskeleton

a.      organelles in place and allows the cytoplasm to move within the cell

b.      Function: spatially organizes the contents of the cell, connects the cell physically and biochemically and generates coordinated forces that enable the cell to move and change shape

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Three types of fibers in the cytoskeleton

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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11

Actin filaments

                                                        i.      the thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers that move cellular components and maintain the structure of the folding of the plasma membrane, responsible for muscle cell contraction.

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Intermediate filaments

have structural function, maintain the shape of the cell and anchor organelles (ex Keratin)

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13

Microtubules

                                                        i.      thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers, hollow tubes that can dissolve and reform, give organelle movement and are structural components of flagella and cilia

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The Endomembrane System

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

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15

1.      The Nucleus

a.      Houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins, acts as the information system

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Chromatin

a.      a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in cells

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Chromosomes:

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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1.      The Nuclear Envelope

a.      A double membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus (made of phospholipid bilayers)

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19

1.      Nuclear Pores

a.      Pores on the nuclear envelope that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA

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1.      The Endoplasmic Reticulum

A series of interconnected membranous tubules that modify proteins and synthesize lipids

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21

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)-

a.      ribosomes attached to the RER’s cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance; function- many roles in protein synthesis including post-translational modification (folding or addition of sugars), folding, and sorting

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)-

a.      has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface; synthesis carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies medications and poisons

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1.      Golgi Apparatus

a.      A series of flattened membranous sacs where the sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins takes place

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1.      Lipid Droplets

a.      Organelles with a neutral lipid core surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids

b.      Form storage deposits for lipids that are used for energy storage

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1.      Vesicles and Vacuoles

a.      Membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport; help transport material that an organism need to survive and recycle waste and maintains water balance

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Ribosomes

a.      Responsible for protein synthesis, organelles that freely float in the cytoplasm

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1.      Mitochondria

a.      Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for making ATP through cellular respiration ( the process by which cells derive energy from glucose (glucose and oxygen are inputs, producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP)

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1.      Peroxisomes

a.      Small round organelles enclosed by single membranes that carry out oxidation reaction that break down fatty acids and amino acids

b.      Detoxify poisons and create hydrogen peroxide

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29

Animal Cell Specific Organelles

Centrosome, Lysosomes, Flagella, and Cilia

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1.      Centrosome

a.      Control the internal spatial organization of cells, organize microtubules and provide structure to the cell

b.      composed of centrioles

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Lysosomes

a.      The “garbage disposal” of the cell, where proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn-out organelles are digested.

b.      Use enzymes to destroy disease.

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Flagellum (singular flagella)

a.      long hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell (only a few in a cell)

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Cilium (singular cilia)-

a.      large in number and extend along the entire surface of the plasma membrane, short hair-like structures that are used to move cells or move substances along the outer surface of cells

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Plant Specific Organelles

Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, and Tonoplasts

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1.      Cell Walls

a.      Found immediately outside the cell membrane, provide protection, structural support, and maintain cell shape.

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1.      Chloroplasts

a.      Serves as the site of photosynthesis, produces energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes.

b.      Responsible for the biosynthesis of active compounds into ATP

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1.      Tonoplast (vacuolar membrane)

a.      The cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell’s cytoplasm

b.      Regulates the movement of ions around the cell

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38

Prokaryotic Cells

a single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus nor membrane bound organelles

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39

Endosymbiosis

the hypothesis that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic association of prokaryotes

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40

Prokaryotic Specific Cell Structures

Nucleoid

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41

1.      Nucleoid

a.      The region in the cell that contains genetic material and chromosomes.

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42

Cell Structure found in Prokaryotes

1.      Plasma Membrane

2.      Cytoplasm

1.      Ribosomes

2.      Cell wall

3.      Cytoskeleton

4.      Flagella

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43

Glycolipids

-         lipids with carbohydrate heads that act as cell-surface markers (Ex. MHC (major histocompatibility complex), a type of encoded gene that helps immune system cells recognize self and none-self or harmful cells)

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Surface marker

1.      variable, integral proteins or glycolipids in the plasma membrane that create cell identity (Ex MHC complexes)

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45

Septate Junctions (tight junctions)-

1.      tightly bound, leakproof, claudin protein seal that surrounds a cell, holds cells together such that material pass through, but not between cells (Ex. Cells in the gut) (unique to vertebrates)

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Adhesive Junctions (desmosome)-

1.      cadherins (trans-membrane proteins) bind to intermediate filaments of cytoskeletons creating strong flexible connection between cells (only in vertebrates)

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47

Adhesive Junction (adherens junction)

1.      cadherins bind to microfilaments of cytoskeleton connecting cells together (found in all multicellular organisms)

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48

Adhesive Junction (hemidesmosome, focal adhesion)-

1.      integrin proteins bind cell to extracellular matrix providing attachment to a substrate

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49

Communicating junction (gap junction)-

1.      six transmembrane connexon/pannexin proteins creating a pore that connects cells allowing passage of some molecules from cell to cell tissue (only in animals)

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50

Communicating Junction (plasmodesmata)

1.      cytoplasmic connection between gaps in adjoining plant cell walls

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