Gram Positive Rods

Visualize the cell wall of Gram (+) bacterium

Gram positive rods can be subdivided based on their ability to form _____

spores

6 gram + rods to know

lactobacilli

clostridia

listeria

actinomyces

corynebacteria

mycobacteria

lactobacilli are called ___ ___ bacteria. They regenerate _____ using _____.

lactic acid; NAD; pyruvate

Lactobacilli might be beneficial in ________

immunomodulation

bifidobacterium are also simple "____ ____" bacteria like strep and lactobacilli

lactic acid

how to choose a probiotic

has specific named strains and has an expiration date

__________ are the first to colonize babies and require _____ or ______ _____

bifidobacterium; milk or plant oligosacharrides

oxygen requirements of clostridium

anaerobic

endospores are formed when ...., are resistant to ____,____,___ and ____, and can remain viable for ____ of years. The position in the cell is sometimes _____.

bacteria run out of nutrients; heat, drying, chemicals, radiation; 1000s; distinctive

All clostridium species are found in the _____. Many species are found in the ____ _____ of humans and animals

soil; intestinal tract

two species of neurotoxic clostridia

C. botulinum and C. tetani

Two other toxin producing clostridia and what they are associated with

C. perfingens - cellulitis, gas gangrene and food poisoning

C. difficile - pseudomembranous colitis

morphology of listeria

small Gram (+) rods of coccobacilli

One species of Listeria:

L. monocytogenes

Describe Listeria habitat and transmission

oxygen and temp needs of Listeria and why this is relevant for transmission.

what is important about L. monocytogenes and pregnancy?

Is capable of transplacental or "congenital" transmission across the placenta, ONLY causes superficial gastroenteritis, can be deadly in the immunocompromised, elderly, and babies

morphology, O2 requirements, and relevance to the oral cavity

describe actinomycosis

Pus in actinomycosis contains ____ ____ _____, and actinomyces are ____ flora to the oral cavity and intestinal tract

yellow "sulfur" granules; normal

diagnosis and treatment of actinomycosis

"_____" are common and abundant Gram _____, _____ (morphology) of the normal flora of the _____ and _____.

diptheroids; positive; URT; skin

"Diptheriods" look like the pathogen ______ but are not _____

C. diptheriae; harmful

morphology. O2 requirements, and what disease is caused by C. diptheriae

C. diptheriae produces a _____ toxin, encoded by a ____ _____. The toxin causes a ____-____ coating in the throat by _____ of the ribosome. IS the vaccine successful?

soluble; lysogenic bacteriophage; membrane-like; ribolysation

What vaccine includes C. diptheriae?

DPT/DTaP

Morphology of Bacillis

Gram positive rods, usually aerobes and form spores

The main medically important Bacillus

B. anthracis

3 virulence factors of B. anthracis

capsule, exotoxins, intracellular germination of spores in hosts

3 types of B anthracis

cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal

Morphology of mycobacteria

The only "virulence factor" of mycobacteria

Describe acid fast staining

Describe M. tuberculosis

As a Health Care practitionaler, all you really need to know about Tuberculosis is...