Cell Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to cell injury, adaptations, and maladaptive changes as discussed in the lecture.

Hypertrophy

Increase in individual cell size, leading to greater metabolic demand. Ex. Strength training

Physiological Hypertrophy

Increase in tissue size matched by increase in supportive structures. Normal, healthy. Ex. Athletes Heart

Pathological Hypertrophy

Increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase of size of its cells. Abnormal, harmful. Ex. Hypertension, high blood pressure increases workload

Atrophy

Reversion of cells to a smaller size due to less metabolic demand. Ex. Paralysis causing shrinkage of skeletal muscle.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs in an organized manner without causing inflammation.

Necrosis

Cell death due to injury, characterized by membrane disintegration and cell content release.

Metaplasia

Replacement of one cell type with another as a survival mechanism, often due to chronic conditions. Ex. GERD, chronic acid reflux irritates the esophagus. Condition called Barrett’s Esophagus, can progress to cancer.

Dysplasia

Abnormal growth of cells, often resulting from chronic inflammation, leading to variations in size and shape. Ex. Cervical dysplasia detected by Pap Test. Internal

Neoplasia

Disorganized, uncontrolled cell growth; can be benign or malignant. New growth, tumor. Asymmetrical, bubbles up, not a nice circle.

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, often due to hormonal stimulation. Ex. Estrogen stimulates growth of breast cells in pregnancy

Etiology

The original cause of cell alteration or disease.

Gangrene

Tissue death due to prolonged ischemia and exposure to bacteria, characterized by decay.

Histology

Microscopic study of tissue and cells

Biopsy

Sample for histological analysis. Cell sample from an organ or mass tissue to allow examination.

Autopsy

Examination of tissue of deceased organisms. Allows for study of cause of death.

Pathognomonic changes

Unique identifying disease preventions. Ex. Crater like formation in stomach indicates ulcer.

Maladaptive hyperplasia

The body overcompensates, too many cells cause harm. Ex. Keloid, excess tissue during scar healing, overgrown.

Benign neoplasia

Contained, we defined borders, cells resemble normal cells.

Malignant neoplasia

Abnormal, tendency to break away and metabolize, poorly defined borders.

Cell injury- hypoxia

Diminished into oxygen cells, inadequate delivery of oxygen to cells, due to ischemia, lactic acid increases. Ex. Lactic after running is hypoxia

Cell injury- free radical

Formed during aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species, present in cigarette smoke, pesticides.