psych1010: cognition

cognition

how info is processed and manipulated in remember/, thinking, and know/

Researchers in the 1950s speculated some mental operations are modeled off what?

computers

brains are to computers as what is to software?

cognition

what are some of the faults of the cognition model?

neurons can respond to more ambiguous information such as sensory receptors in eyes or ears

computers can apply and follow rules more consistently with fewer errors than humans

cognitive psychology7

psychology by investivgating mental processes and structures that could not be directly observed

Silent operation…involves manipulating information mentally

Thinking

concepts

mental categories used to group opbjects, events, and characteristics.

what are the purposes of concepts

allows for generalization
associate experiences and objects
aid in memory(see schemas)
context clues to how to react to a particular object or experience

_________means finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available

problem solving

Heuristics

cognitive shortcuts that suggest a solution to a problem; doesnt provide an answer

we are more likely to solves problems faced by ____than by _____

heuristics; algorithms

fixation

failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective

functional fixedness:

failing to solve a problem due to fixation of an object’s usual function

reasoning

mental activity of transform/ info to reach conclusions

what are the two types of reasoning?

inductive and deductive

inductive reasoning

reasoning from spec observations to make generaliza-
also known as bottom up logic

deductive

top down; using a generalization to make a specific observation

what is the mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them?

decision making

what is a possible benefit to decision making?

can be less biased and more efficient in decision making

gut feelings are commonly made of what?

automatic processes, learned associations, and implicit memory

what are the types of biases and heuristics

Loss aversion: weigh potential losses more heavily than potential gains
confirmation bias: to search for and use info that supports rather than refute one’s ideas
base rate neglect:tndncy to ignore abt gen principles in favor of very specific but vivid info
hindsight bias: tndncy to report falsely after fact that one accurately predicted an outcome

endowment effect

people ascribe greater value to thinkgs they already own, part of the loss aversion

availability heuristic

prediction about probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events

representativeness heuristic

make judgments about group membership based on phys appearances or match between a person and the stereotype of a group rather than on avail use of concepts

the act of thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence

critical thinking

creative thinking involves

convergent and divergent thinking

what thinking produces many solutions to the same problem?

divergent

what thinking produces the single best solution to a problem

convergent

brainstorming is an example of what thinking

divergent

reasoning uses what to draw conclusions

established rules

intelligence

all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, solve problems, olearn from experience

Who was the psychologist that introduced cognitive tests to reflect intelligence

Charles Spearman

what do good intelligence tests consist ove

reliability, validity, and standardization

who was the psychologist that developed iq tests

Alfred Binet

standardization

creating norms for the test so it’s applicable to many different groups

stnaford-binet test

who devised the term Intelligence quotient

William Stern

formula of IQ

IQ=(MA/CA) x 100

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

vocab, working mem capacity, math problems, and ability to complete jigsaw problems

WISC

Wechsler intelligence scale for children
incl: vocab, comprehension, putting together blocks to fit a particular pattern
ages 6-16

WPPSI

weschler pre-school and primary scale of Intelligence

normal distribution looks like what

bell shaped curve, extremities on both ends low, and average in the middle high

intelligence is what type of genetic trait? what does it entail?

Polygenic; entails that there is a large number of genetic characteristics involved in intelligence

what does the stanford-binet test consist of?

originally consisted of 30 items, incl drawing designs from memory and defining abstract concepts

heritability

statistic for a group of people not a single person,

what are sources of bias in intelligence testing

culture
ethnicity

socioeconomic status

t/f: heritability of intelligence is static across lifespan

false; it can decrease as you age

flynn effect

the tendency for the generation after the next is smarter than the previous

which theorist suggests there are nine types of intelligence or frames of mind

robert sternberg

sternberg triarchic levels of intelligence

analytical, practical, and creative

Howard Gardner’s 9 types of frames of mind

verbal
mathematical
spatial
bodily-kinesthetic
music
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
existentialist

what are the criticism of the criticisms of theory of multiple intelligences?

proponents have taken the concept of specific intelligence too far

research in support of multiple intelligence do not exist

infinite generativity

ability to produce and endless number of meaningful sentences

what is the five basic rule systems for language?

phonology
morpohology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics

phonology

the language sound system; basic sounds are called phonemes

morphology

rule for word formation

morpheme

smallest unit of language

syntax

language rule for combining words to from acceptable phrases and sentences

semantics

meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
there are semantic restrictions: a sentence can be syntactically correct but semantically incorrect

pragmatics

usueful character of language and ability of language to communicate more meaning than is said

allows to use words to get things we want

what is the lingustic relativity hypothesis

language determines the way we thinkwho

who created the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Benjamin Whorf

what are criticsms of whorf’s ideas

words merely reflect rather than cause

dyslexia

problems in learning to read fluently w accurate comprehension, despite typical intelligence

what does Noam Chomsky argue for language development?

humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and way
wh

what is Chomsky’s strongest evidence for language develop[ment time

children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time and in abt the same order

what area in the brain contributes to speech production?

Broca’s Area

what part of the brain is involved in language comprehension

wernickes area

what do behaviorists argue for language development?

language is a complex learned skill
ex: a baby happens to babble “mama” and mom rewards baby w hugs and smiles making the baby smile more

critical period

preschool years where language must develop or it never will