Apologia Biology 2nd Edition Module 6

Has all the definitions for module 6

Lysosome

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids

Ribosomes

Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Nuclear membrane

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Microfilaments

fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton

Intermediate filaments

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Phospholipid

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group

Passive transport

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion

Active transport

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy

Isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

Hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Plasmolysis

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Cytolysis

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

Hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Activation energy

Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going

Absorption

The transport of dissolved substances into cells

Digestion

The breakdown of absorbed substances

Respiration

The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy

Excretion

The removal of soluble waste materials

Egestion

The removal of nonsoluble waste materials

Secretion

The release of biosynthesized substances

Homeostasis

Maintaining the status quo

Reproduction

Producing more cells

Cytology

The study of cells

Cell wall

A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells

Middle lamella

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

Plasma membrane

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Ions

Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons

Cytoplasmic streaming

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents

Mitochondria

The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy

Endoplasm reticulm

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Smooth ER

ER that has no ribosomes

Leucoplasts

Organelles that store starches or oils

Chromoplasts

Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis

Central Vacuole

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes

Waste vacuoles

Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion

Phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells

Phagocytic vacuole

A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs

Pinocytic vesicle

Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules

Secretion vesicle

Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released

Golgi bodies

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure