health and wellness exam 1

The immune system and ______ are underlying causes of human disease that manifest in various organ systems

inflammation

drug therapies can ________ the immune function

modify

The innate immune system is ______

nonspecific

the innate immune system includes _____, ______, cough, some ______, certain blood _____ and _____, and mucus ______

skin, stomach acid, wbc, chemicals, proteins, membranes

adaptive immunity aims at invading proteins seen as _______

foreign

adaptive immunity has _____ and is pathogen ____.

memory, specific

what 2 lymphocytes are in the adaptive immune system?

CD4+ helper T lymphocytes, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

the immune system protects against ________ and potentially damaging _______

disease, foreign pathogens

the immune system is not mature until ________

puberty

the immune system can be thought of a _____ for antigens

sensory organ

what structures are related to the immune system?

bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and adenoids, skin, mucus membranes, liver

what are the 4 functions of the immune system?

identify self, protect body from foreign antigens, scavenge dead and dying body cells, destroy cancerous cells

the first line of defense includes ___ & _____, the second line of defense is WBCs like _____ & ______, and the third line of defense is the _____ & _____

skin, mucous membrane, macrophages, phagocytes, b cells, t cells

foreign antigens are initially detected by ______

white blood cells

WBCs _____ and _____ foreign antigens while chemically signally other _____ to the area

inactivate, destroy, WBCs

some mediators released by WBC’s initiate the ______ cascade

inflammation

phagocytes ___ & _____foreign pathogens

detect, destroy

what are examples of phagocytes?

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

_______ & ____ contain mediators and signaling agents

basophils, mast cells

Lymphocytes include _____ which produce antibodies and _____ which attack antigens and control response by cytokines

b cells, t cells

______ contain granules with enzymes

eosinophils

______ antibody protects body surfaces exposed to the environement

IgA

____ generally found in small amounts in chest and abdomen linings

IgD

IgE _____ prior exposures and are found in the _____, ______ and _____

remember, lungs, skin, mucus membranes

____ are the smallest antibody and most common in most body fluids

IgG

IgM is the ____ and found in ____ & ______

largest, blood, lymph

corticosteroids affect ______ and hence have multifaceted effects on the _______

gene transcription, immune system

What are 5 mechanisms of drugs that suppress the immune system?

calcineurin, interleukin, TNF-a, selective, other inhibitors

corticosteroids suppress t cells by interfering with production of ______

cytokines

cytokines are critical in the ____ and interaction of t cells (corticosteroids affect)

proliferation

corticosteroids suppress b cells by interfering with _______ of ______ to be cells so b cells have a hard time proliferating and making antibodies

binding, interleukins

corticosteroids suppress neutrophils which ____ everything neutrophils do

inhibits

______ participate in adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and release of mediators

neutrophils

corticosteroids suppress macrophages which _______ expression of Fc receptors on macrophages so macrophages are less able to phagocytose opsonized things

downregulate

corticosteroids cause reduced production of _______ and _______

prostaglandins, leukotrienes

____ & ____ inhibit cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2, which decreases the production of pro-inflammatory and arachidonic acid metabolites

prostaglandins, leukotrienes

vaccination triggers an ______ and small doses of the antigen which is ____, creates immune _____

immune response, dead, memory

_____ results in a high local concentration of antigen at injection site and enhances uptake by antigen presenting cells

adjuvants

complication of an overactive immune response include:

immune deficiency disease, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease, serum sickness, transplant rejection, graft vs host disease

SCIDs, AIDs, Epstein-Barr, oncology agents, transplant agents, and starvation are all disease from a _____ of immune response

lack

type 1 hypersensitivity is _____ and mediated by _____

allergy, IgE

type 2 hypersensitivity is ______ mediated

cytotoxic/antibody

type 3 hypersensitivity reactions are _____ disease

immune complex

type 4 hypersensitivity is _____ or _____

delayed, cell-mediated

an ______ is a heightened response to common antigens where a _____ is a severe life threatening reaction

allergy, anaphylaxis

these are triggers of what: nuts, milk, eggs, wasps, penicillin, sulfa

anaphylaxis

autoimmune disorders occur when the body _______

attacks itself

rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus are examples of what

autoimmune disorders

what are ways to keep immune system healthy?

eat a nutritious meal, wash hands, sleep, exercise, laugh

rubor is _____, dolor is ______, calor is _____, tumor is ______

red, pain, warm, swollen

______ is the body’s response to injury, foreign protein invasion or tissue damage

inflammation

skin cut, bacterial infection, appendicitis are ____ where asthma, allergies, psoriasis and fibromyalgia are considered _______

acute inflammation, chronic inflamation

activation of the complement system includes _______ on pathogens

proteolytic attack

what are all mediators of inflammation

leukotrienes, prostaglandins, histamine, kinins, complement, nitric oxide

general presentation of disease includes:

fever, chills, fatigue, headache, loss of appetite, muscle stiffness, pain

what respiratory disease have inflammation

asthma, allergic rhinitis

what CV diseases have inflammation:

atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, strokes

______ is a biomarker of inflammation produced by the liver in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokines

c-reactive protein

what are musculoskeletal disease involved in inflammation

strenuous workout (muscles), joints, gout

What are inflammatory disease in the GI?

crohns, ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

what are inflammatory skin diseases?

psoriasis, atopic dermatitis

what are inflammatory CNS diseases?

multiple sclerosis

_______ & some ______ are general inflammatory diseases

lupus, type 1 diabetes

Sars/covid-19 has been involved in ______ of microglia cells, infects _____, organs become _____, and prenatal ______

neuroinflammation, coronary plaques, inflamed, inflammation

What drugs have anti-inflammatory effects?

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, immune biologics, anti-histamines, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers

______ is uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal spread of cells

cancer

t/f cancer is a single disease

false

t/f there are external and internal causes to cancer

true

regarding cancer in iowa in 2024, 21,000 with be ______, 6,000 will _______ and 168,610 are ______

diagnosed, die, survivors

_____ cancer is most common in females, _____ cancer is the most common in males, and ______ is the number one cancer that kills

breast, prostate, lung

what are the phases of cell replication?

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

after cell replication, what stages does it go through?

DNA replication, cell mitosis, contact inhibition, spontaneous mutation, metastasis, apoptosis

_____ is characterized as abnormal growth that does not invade

benign tumor

____ is characterized as uncontrolled growth and malignant

cancer

uncontrolled cell growth is _______, and can include lumps, abnormal bleeding, weight loss, pain, balance problems, mouth/.eating problems, bowel changes fatigue

nonspecific

what are examples of etiologies of cancer

UV light, tobacco, pollutants, obesity, diet related, hormones, drugs

t/f cancer can be found in any tissue

true

cancer can be _____ or _____, depending on the patients family line and the exposures they have

inherited, acquired

stage 0 of cancer is when there is _______, stage 1, 2, 3 is when _____ is present and higher number indicate likelihood of _____, stage 4 is cancer has ______

no evidence of spread, cancer, spread, spread

what are 4 treatment options for cancer?

radiation, surgery, chemo, CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor t cells)

chemotherapy agents, also known as anti-neoplastic agents, include what?

cytotoxic agents, hormones, hormone antagonists, immunotherapy

chemotherapy can be ______ where it is effective during a specific phase of cell cycle, or ____ where is it effective during any stage of cell cycle

phase specific, phase nonspecific

chemotherapy induction includes initial therapy to achieve _______ and ______, post-remission is used to __________, and adjuvant is used to treat _______ after local therapy

cyto-reduction, remission, prolong remission, multi-drug resistant cancers

in combination chemotherapies, each drug ______, they should avoid _____, and use a drug with a different ________, and minimize ______

should be active by itself, drug resistance, cell cycle stage, overlapping toxicities

treating cancer is challenging because treatments are toxic to _____, chemo kills same ______ of cells, failure to detect _____, getting drug to ____, drug ____,

normal cells, percentage, cancer early, tumor, resistance

_____ is free of cancer for 5 years without recurrence

cure

______ is no evidence of cancer for at least 1 month post treatment

complete response

______is at least a 50% decrease in tumor size, effects lasts at lease 1 month post treatment

partial response

______ is a 25% increase in tumor size or new lesions while receiving therapy

disease progression

what are things that someone with cancer must do or things that occur from cancer treatments

nausea/vomiting, physical therapy, opportunistic infections, pain, need bone marrow, palliative care

on the oncology team, the pharmacist role is…

dose medications, chemo prep, pain control, personalized meds, minimize side effects

t/f pharmacist role is to educate patients, families, and other healthcare professionals on chemotherapy/other medications

true

pharmacists can help prevent and ____ cancer, and ______ outcomes, side effects and drug interactions

early detect, monitor

____ is the complete DNA sequence of an organism, containing all its genetic information

genome

____ is a discrete chunk of the genome encoding specifc genes

chromosome

________ is a region of DNA that encodes function and is the basic unit of hereditary, comprised of nucleotides

gene

the chance of getting a mutation is high because DNA replicates _______

often

_______ results from inheritance of maternal and paternal chromosomes

diploid genome

_____ is the coded allele variants at a specific locus in the genome

genotype

_______ genotype is when maternal and paternal alleles are identical

homozygous