AP Psychology Unit 2.1-Perception and Thought Processes

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31 Terms

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Cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Perception, attention

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Perception

A process that involved organizing sensory information

Affected by experiences, contexts, and emotions

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Bottom-Up Processing

Processing something new or unfamiliar

Taking small details and making out a bigger picture

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Top-Down Processing

Processing something with prior expectations

Seeing the bigger picture and then the fine details

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Schemas

Mental structures or categories that help us organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge

Help us make sense of new information quickly by fitting it into a box

Can lead to biases or errors of perception

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Perceptual Set

A predisposition to perceive things a certain way by the things around them

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Gestalt principles

Our ability to perceive whole objects and not smaller parts of it

Closure, figure-ground, proximity, and similarity

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Closure

The gestalt principle that refers to our tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete holes

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Figure-ground

The gestalt principle that refers to our ability to distinguish an object from its background

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Proximity

The gestalt principle that refers to the way that we mentally group objects that are close together

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Similarity

The gestalt principle that refers to our tendency to mentally group objects that look alike

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Attention

Our minds focus and what we attend our thoughts to

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Selective Attention

Our conscious attention on what our brain deems is important

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Cocktail-Party Effect

Your ability to attend to only 1 voice when around many, and then shifting that attention to another voice

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Inattentional Blindness

A phenomenon that occurs when individuals fail to notice unexpected objects and events in their environment because they are focused on something else

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Change Blindness

Occurs when changes in an environment are not perceived due to inattentive blindness

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Depth Perception

The brain’s ability to determine how far away objects are without touching them

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Binocular Cues

Cues from both eyes for depth perception

Retinal disparity, convergence

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Retinal disparity

The difference between the images captured by the different eyes because of the distance of the eyes.

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Convergence

The inward movement of the eyes when focusing on an object that is close

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Monocular Cues

Visual cues that help us determine the depth of objects with 1 eye

Relative size, relative clarity, texture gradient, linear perspective, interposition

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Relative size

A monocular cue that helps us perceive depth by showing objects that are closer as larger than objects that are farther away

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Relative Clarity

A monocular cue that relies on the difference in sharpness between objects at varying distances

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Texture Gradient

A monocular cue that shows gradual change in surface texture the farther away you get

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Linear perspective

A monocular cue that involves parallel lines appearing to converge at one point in the distance

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Interposition

A monocular cue that makes partially covered objects appear farther than what is covering it

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Perceptual constancy

The brain’s ability to recognize that perspective changes the apparent shape and size, and color and brightness of an object without it actually changing.

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Apparent motion

A perceptual concept where we perceive movement in a series of still images or in a stationary object due to the way our brain processes static image sequences as continuous

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Stroboscopic Effect

Occurs when a series of still images or light are flashed at a rapid rate to seem as if they have movement

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Phi Phenomenon

Occurs when stationary lights blink on and off in succession, causing us to perceive motion

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Autokinetic Effect

The illusion of movement that occurs when a stationary light in a dark environment seems to move on its own