2.5 Zonation, succession & changes in ecosystems

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14 Terms

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Zonation

changes in community along an environmental gradient

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Zonation will ocurr where

there is an environmental gradient (changes in abiotic factors) and can occur on variety of scales (ex. Mt Kilimanjaro)

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Factors that allow for zonation

abiotic factors (latitude, elevation, soil horizon, moisture, light, distance from shore, salinity, etc)

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Elevation

change in altitude, results in variations in air pressure, temp, and oxygen availability, affects flora and fauna

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Latitude

determines climate zones + insolation, influences ecosystems and species distrubition

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Soil Horizon

variations in soil composition and nutrient availability, impacts plant root systems and species sustainability

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Distance from Shore

determines water depth, salinity, and wave energy, shapes marine and coastal ecosystems

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Transects

can be used to measure biotic and abiotic factors along environmental gradient in order to determine variables affecting species distribution

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Succession

replacement of one community by another in an area over time due to changes in abiotic and biotic variables

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Each seral community (sere) in a succession

causes changes in environmental conditions that allow next community to replace it through competition

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Stages

Pioneer stage → early successional stage → mid successional stage → late successional stage (climax)

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Primary succession

when no plant life is present, no pre existing community, over centuries soil forms and eepns, successive communities of plants grow

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Secondary succession

begins after disaster/disturbance, already pre existing community, growth occurs over a quicker timespan, already a basis for it

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An ecosystem capacity to tolerate disturbances and maintain an equilibrium depends on diversity and resilience

Newly found pioneer community = less resilient and more simple, shorter food chain (less biodiverse)

Mature, diverse community = more resilient, complex food web and adaptable to disturbances