Global regents review

Flashcards to review Global I and II for the regents

Social Scientists

The people who study the world in which humans live (Ex. Historians, geographers, economists, anthropologists)

Historians

These people study written records of past events

Geographers

These people study the Earth’s surface and its impact on humans. They often examine topography, climate, human migrations, and the ways in which humans adapt to different environments. These people will use political maps and physical maps.

Political maps

This type of map shows countries, their borders, and capital cities.

Physical maps

This type of map shows topography (mountains, deserts, lakes, etc.)

Economists

These people study how societies use available resources.

Anthropologists

These people study past and present human cultures

Archaeologists

These people are a type of anthropologist. These people examine the culture of past human societies through analysis of physical remains (artifacts).

Primary source

A firsthand record of a historical event created by an eyewitness who actually experienced the event (Ex. Diaries, photographs, artifacts, autobiographies)

Secondary source

A second hand record of a historical event created by a person who did not actually experience the event (Ex. textbooks, encyclopedias, biographies).

Neolithic Age

8000-3000 BC-

* Also called the “New Stone Age”
* Key developments of this period


1. Humans first discovered how to perform agriculture and domesticate animals for food and drink
2. Humans switched from being nomads to being settled farmers who lived in permanent villages (Eventually became civilizations)
3. Farming created a steady food supply (surplus)

Civilization

* A complex and highly organized society that includes a government, social class, job specialization, a food surplus, writing and religious beliefs.
* These developed soon after humans discovered farming and settled down in permanent villages during the Neolithic Age
* The first of these developed around 3000 B.C. in areas of land known as river valleys
* Early ones of theses developed around rivers like The Nile River in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates River in the Middle East, the Indus River in India, and the Yellow and Yangtze River in China.

Egypt

Location- Northeastern Africa

Major river- Nile RIver

Characteristics and achievements:

* Developed hieroglyphics
* Constructed pyramids that were used to bury Egyptian Pharaohs

Mesopotamia (Sumer)

Location- Middle East

Major Rivers- Tigris River and Euphrates RIver

Characteristics and achievements:

* Developed cuneiform - Writing system using wedge-shaped symbols
* Code of Hammurabi- Oldest written set of laws in the world that is known for its strict punishments of crimes

Harappan Civilization

Location- India

Major river- Indus River

Achievements- The urban areas were organized and well-planned

\* Early society is India were very affected by seasonal monsoons

China

Major rivers- Yellow(Huang He) River and Yangtze River

\*This civilization was very isolated because it was surrounded by natural boundaries

Common Features of ancient River Valley Civilizations

1) They existed in river valley regions.

2) They were all polytheistic- People believed in many gods associated with nature

3) They often had traditional economic systems with the following characteristics:

* Barter- Trade without using money.
* Subsistence agriculture- Farming in which the crops are used only to feed the farmer and his family. Food is not usually sold for a profit.
* People have the same occupation (job) as their parents (usually related to farming/agriculture).

Classical civilizations

* The societies that were more advanced and more recent than the ancient civilization
* Most of these had a Golden Age

Greece

* Located on a peninsula with an irregular coastline in southeastern Europe
* People here were polytheistic
* The Olympic games were held every 4 years here to honor their god, Zeus
* Was very mountainous, so there was not one united civilization
* Was therefore divided into many independent city states. Each state (polis) had its own government and land.
* Most famous city states-Athens and Sparta

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Sparta

* A city state in Greece
* A military society where men spent almost all of their lives training for warfare
* People here had very little freedom

Athens

* City state in Greece
* Known for having the first democracy (direct democracy - all citizens (adult males born in Athens) were allowed to vote)
* Focused heavily on culture and is known for its philosophers (Socrates, Aristotle, Plato) and writers (Ex. Homer)

Alexander the Great

* Famous leader who conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia(Iran), and part of India
* He spread Greek (Hellenic)culture to all of the areas that he conquered
* Hellenstic culture is used to describe the mixture of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian

Rome

* Located on the peninsula of Italy
* Began as a small city-state but eventually created a large empire by conquering other regions that surrounded the Mediterranean Sea

Key features and achievements:

* Trade and Transportation Networks
* Able to unite their empire and grow wealthy by the help of the roads they were building and the Mediterranean Sea
* Twelve Tables
* Set of laws that stated the rules of behavior for members of society; created stability because they were publically displayed
* Ideas about Law
* Developed important legal ideas that are still around today (Ex. “Innocent until proven quilty)


* Pax Romana
* The 200-year Golden Age where there was extensive trade and achievements in literature, art, math, and science.

India

* During the classical period, this civilization was ruled by two successful dynasties: The Maurya Dynasty and the Gupta Dynasty
* Social hierarchy system was the Caste System

Maurya Dynasty

* One of the successful dynasties of India
* Asoka- Famous ruler of India who wrote the laws of India on tall columns and displayed them throughout India. He converted to Buddhism during his rein and was kind towards people and animals

Gupta Dynasty

* Considered the Golden Age of India
* Some of the achievements were the invention of zero in math, development of Sanskrit writing and beautiful Buddhist paintings

Caste System

Social hierarchy of India

* People were born into a social class and remained there for the remainder of their lives

Classes:

* Brahmins- Priests
* Kshatriyas- Warriors
* Vaisyas- Merchants and artisans
* Sudras- Laborers

Lowest class was the untouchables and they had the worst jobs

* Provided stability and structure to Indian society
* Was closely associated with Hindu religion

China

* During the classical period, this civilization was ruled by two main dynasties: The Qin and Han dynasties
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Qin Dynasty

One of China’s dynasties

* Lasted 15 years


* Rulers of this dynasty based their government on the philosophy of Legalism- Belief that humans are evil and harsh punishments are needed to keep order (Was similar to the Code of Hammurabi)

Han Dynasty

One of China’s dynasties

* Lasted 400 years

Key features and achievements:

* Trade and transportation networks-
* Grew wealthy through trade because of roads


* Civil Service system
* System in which government positions were given only to skilled people who passed difficult exams

Silk road

* A long trade route that extended 4,000 miles from China to the Mediterranean Sea
* Connected the different classical (and later) civilizations
* Allowed the exchange of many products and religious ideas between civilizations (Cultural diffusion)

Monotheism

* This type of religion believe in one God
* Ex. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity
* These religions each had a code of conduct issued by God; Ten Commandments (Ex. Don’t kill, don’t steal, etc) for Jew and Christians, 5 pillars(Ex. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca, pray 5 times a day, etc.) for Muslims

Hinduism

One the the religions in India

* Believed in reincarnation- Idea that when humans die, their souls are reborn into another body
* Believed in karma- Belief that good deeds equals being reborn at a higher level in the next life, bad deeds equals being reborn at a lower level in the next life
* Believed in the Caste system- Karma decided their class
* Goal was to achieve Moksha- Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and

Buddhism

One of the religions in India

* Was founded by Siddharth Gautama (Buddha)
* Believed in reincarnation and karma
* Goal is to achieve Nirvana- Ending reincarnation and cycle of death and rebirth
* Believed Nirvana could be achieved when people accepted the 4 Noble truths- Idea that all of life is suffering and that suffering is caused by our selfish desires
* People must work to end suffering and desire by following the Eightfold Path (Code of behavior that requires these people to resist evil, act in a kind manner, meditate, etc.)

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy

* Based on the idea that humans are evil and that harsh punishments are needed in order to prevent crime and keep order

Confucianism

Major philosophy of China

Main teachings-

* The Five Relationships- Idea that every individual had a specific role and obligation that must be followed in order to keep order and stability in society
* Filial Piety- The idea that people must honor and respect the elders of their family

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Nature religions

Believed that both living and non-living things in nature have a spirit

Ex.

* Shinto (Practiced in Japan)
* Animism (Practiced in Africa)

Byzantine Empire

(c. 5000-1453 AD)

* The eastern portion of the Roman Empire that survived invasions by Germanc tribes in 476 AD

Key features and achievements-

* People were mainly Greek in language and culture
* Constantinople- Capital city that was great for trade due to it location along major waterways and linked Europe and Asia
* Eastern Orthodox Religion- Branch of Christianity practiced by the people in this empire (Hagia Sophia was a famous church in Constantinople)
* Justinian Code- Written system of laws created by Emperor Justinian that was eventually adopted by various European civilization; largely based on laws of the Roman Empire
* Preservation of Greek and Roman Culture- People of this empire preserved and \[assed on important texts created by Greeks and Romans

Had a major influence on Russia (through Cultural Diffusion)

* The Eastern Orthodox Religion (Stilled practiced in Russia today)
* The Cyrillic Alphabet- Writing system still used in Russia today)

Islam

* Monotheistic religion that believes in one God called Allah
* Followers are called Muslims
* Koran (Qu’ran) is the Holy Book
* Five Pillars- Religious and moral.ethical duties and obligation that are required of all Muslims(Ex. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca, pray 5 times a day, etc.)
* Muhammad(Lived 570-632 AD)
* Founder of this religion who was born in Mecca
* He is believed by Muslims to be the last of God’s prophets

Golden Age of Islam (c. 700-1200 AD)

* Shortly after Muhammad died, Muslim armies swept out of the Arabian peninsula and conquered areas the included much of the Middle East, northern coast of Africa and southern Spain
* During this period, the Islamic world experience many achievements in math, science, medicine, philosophy, and art

Ex.
* Creation of medical encyclopedias
* Improvements in math (especially algebra)
* Artwork that included calligraphy, woolen carpets and textiles

Middle Ages (400-1400 AD)

Period of time in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance

* The Roman Catholic Church (Especially the pope) was very wealthy and influential in Western Europe during this time

Feudalism

* Political system of the Middle Ages in which kings gave land to nobles in return for their loyalty and military service
* Nobles that received land had to serve as knights and fight when necessary and had to follow chivalry (a code of conduct that stressed loyalty and bravery)
* Considered to be a decentralized political system because kings gave away a lot of their power to nobles
* Land was the basis of wealth and power
* Brought social stability, order, and structure to the Middle Ages

Manorialism

* During the Middle Ages, most people lived on manors (areas of land owned by a noble)
* Each manor had homes, farmland, artisans, water, and serfs
* Since each manor was mostly self-sufficient, trade decreased during the Middle Ages

Crusades

\*Religious wars of the Middle Ages in which Christians from Europe fought to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims

__Causes:__


1. European Christians believed they would be forgiven for their sins if they fought for God
2. European Christians believed the Holy Land should not be controlled by Muslims
3. Many poor Europeans wanted to escape Feudalism
4. Many Europeans hoped to gain wealth from the Middle East

__Effects:__


1. Trade between Europe and the Middle East increased ( Italian cities (Ex. Venice) gained control over much of trade because of their central location on the Mediterranean Sea)
2. Europeans learned about the many achievements that Muslims had made during their Golden Age
3. Feudalism in Europe began to decline

Tang and Song Dynasties (600s-1200s)

\*Golden Age of China

__Key achievements:__

* Chinese invented gunpowder
* Chinese invented the compass (improved sailing/navigation by sea)
* Chinese invented block printing
* Chinese created works of art using porcelain

__Key facts:__

* Chinese conducted long distance trade with other civilization through the Silk Road and by sea
* Buddhism became popular in China due to the religion entering China through trade using the Silk Road
* Chinese continued to use civil service exams

Japan

* Located in East Asia and is considered to be an archipelago
* Has a long and irregular coastline
* Made up of mostly mountains- made farming difficult
* -Had to use Terrace Farming (Like how the Inca in Peru had to)

__Religion-__ Shinto and later Buddhism became popular

__Cultural Diffusion-__ Was graetly influenced by contact with China.

* Writing- Their first form of writing was influenced by Chinese writing
* Buddhism- They learned about Buddhism from the Chinese
* Tea- They learned how to cultivate tea from the Chinese

Japanese Feudalism

Similar to Feudalism during the Middle Ages

* Emperor and Shogun (military general)- Rulers of Japan
* Daimyo- They were the wealthy nobles who were given land by the emperors and Shogun in return for loyalty and military service
* Samurai- They were the warriors
* Bushido- Code of behavior for the Samurai
* Decentralized
* Brought structure, order, and stability to society

Africa

__Geography__

* Had a very diverse geography that included deserts, savana, and rainforests
* Because of diverse geography, there are a bunch of different cultures
* Currently struggling with desertification( Spreading of desert lands)

__Religion__- Animism

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Bantu Migrations (500 BC - 1500 AD)

* One of the largest migrations of people in history
* Due to a shortage of land, the Bantu population scattered throughout Southern Africa over the course of 2,000 years

__Major effects:__

* Spread of the Bantu language, iron technology, and agriculture techniques

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

Three of Africa’s greatest civilizations that developed in West Africa

* All of these civilizations grew very wealthy because they were located along the Trans-Saharan trade routes and took part in the Gold-Salt trade

Mansa Musa

* Was the most famous ruler of Mali
* He was a devoted Muslim who helped spread Islam in West Africa
* He made a pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia
* He turned the city of Timbuktu into a center of trade and I

The Mongols

* These people originated on the steppes (grassy plains) of Central Asia
* They lived in a harsh physical environment and survived as a nomadic pastoralists- The raised animals and migrated frequently in search of grazing land for their animals
* Under the military leadership of Genghis Khan, they conquered so much land that they established the largest empire in all of history (At its height, it included China, Central Asia, Russia, and much of the Middle East

__Importance:__


1. Trade and travel between Europe and Asia increased since these people kept peace and prevented violence along trade routes
2. They kept Russia isolated from developments that were taking place in Western Europe and taught Russians how to have a centralized government
3. They were the first foreign group to completely conquer China
4. They developed a tribute system- Areas taken over by them were required to give them money each year

Marco Polo

* Was an Italian merchant who visited the Mongols in China and remained there for almost 20 years
* When he returned to Italy, he wrote down extensive information about his experiences in China with the Mongols

Writings were important because:


1. They are valuable primary sources that teach people about China during this period
2. They increased the desire of Europeans to trade with China to obtain valuable goods

Black Death

\*1347-1351

* Refers to the major disease (bubonic plague) that killed 25 million people in Europe during the late Middle Ages
* It started in East Asia and spread to Europe over trade routes (Ex. Silk Road)- Interaction of groups of people helped spread the disease

Major effects:

* Depopulation
* Feudalism continued to decline as serfs fled from manors for better opportunities
* Trade temporarily decreased

Renaissance

1400-1600

\* Was the Golden Age of Western Europe

* There was amazing achievements in the arts, literature, and science
* Scholars of this time studied art and books from ancient Greece and Rome

It began in Italy because:


1. The Italian city-states had great economies. They controlled the Mediterranean trade and gre wealthy. This wealth was used to support artists

Famous artists of this time include Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael

Humanism

* There was a focus on humans and life on earth instead of on God and Heaven
* People began looking back at the classics

Niccolo Machiavelli

\*Famous author of the Renaissance

\*Wrote “The Prince”- guide for government leaders

* Rulers must have absolute power and do whatever is necessary to stay in power
* “The end justifies the means”- Leaders must do whatever is necessary to help their nation

Protestant Reformation

\*1500s

* Was a religious revolution that challenged the Catholic Church and led to further division of Christianity

Causes:

* Europeans were angry that the Catholic Church was too concerned with worldly issues
* Europeans were angry about indulgences- Reduction in punishment that was sold by the Catholic church

Effects:

* Power of the Catholic Church (and Pope) decreased
* Power of monarchs increased since they gained power over religion
* Religious unity came to an end in Europe- There was now a large number of Protestants along with Catholics

Martin Luther

German monk who created the 95 Theses- 95 arguments against the sale of indulgences

Henry VIII

King of England who separated from the Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce from his wife and the Catholic Church wouldn’t allow it

John Calvin

Swiss reformer who believed in predestination- Idea that God already knows who will be punished and who will be saved

Printing press

\*Invented by Johannes Gutenberg

Was important because:

* It helped spread new ideas quickly
* It helped spread the Protestant Reformation since people like Martin Luther were able to print copies of their writings
* It increased literacy since books were now cheaper and easier to obtain

Pre-Columbian Civilizations

* The societies that developed in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans
* The 3 main ones of these were the Maya, Aztec, and Inca- All were very organized, developed, and advanced civilizations

The Maya

* They lived in the lowland region of Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America)

Achievements:

* They developed a calendar and a form of writing
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The Aztec

* They lived in Mesoamerica (Mexico) and established a large empire
* Tenochtitlan- Capital city of the Aztec Empire

Achievements:

* They used a calendar and a form of writing
* Chinampas- “Floating gardens” that these people built in lakes in order to farm since there was a shortage of fertile land

\*Conquered by Hernan Cortez in 1521

The Inca

* They lived in the Andes Mountains of Peru and established a large empire
* Machu Picchu- Most famous site in this civilization

Achievements:

* They developed a vast network of roads and footbridges in the Andes Mountain in order to improve trade and transportation
* Terrace farming

\*Conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532

Age of Exploration and Encounter

* The period in history when the Europeans began sea voyages of exploration. During this period, Europeans reached the Americas and began to colonize (take over) areas in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
* First European countries to begin voyages were Spain and Portugal

Causes:

* Europeans wanted greater access to the spices and other products of Asia.
* Europeans wanted to find sea routes to Asia since land routes were controlled by Muslims.
* Improvements in navigational (sailing) technology made long sea voyages possible. These improvements include the compass and astrolabe, cartography (the science of making maps), and the lateen sail for ships.

Effects:

1) Americas

* The Spanish and Portuguese colonized (took over) land in the Americas. Lands controlled by the Spanish and Portuguese were called colonies.
* Encomienda System- A labor system in which the Native Americans were forced to work on Spanish farming plantations (growing sugar) and in Spanish mines (getting gold and silver). Spanish landowners had total control over the Native Americans.
* Millions of Native Americans died due to the diseases (such as smallpox) brought over by the Europeans.

2) Africa

* Europeans took slaves from Africa to the Americas to work on farming plantations.
* The voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas was called the Middle Passage.

Bartholomeu Dias

First explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa)

Vasco da Gama

First explorer to reach India by going around Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus

First explorer to reach the Americas

Ferdinand Magellan

First explorer to circumnavigate

Mercantilism

* Idea that colonies exist only to make the Mother Country (i.e.- Spain and Portugal) wealthy.b) Spain and Portugal tightly controlled trade with their colonies in the Americas in order to make money. Europeans would take raw materials (like cotton) from their American colonies and sell finished products (like clothing) back to the colonies

Triangular Trade

This was the trade route taken by Europeans in the Atlantic Ocean. Europeans traveled to Africa to get slaves, brought the slaves to their colonies in the Americas, and then returned to Europe with goods from the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

\*This is the term used to describe the exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology between the “Old World” (Europe) and the “New World” (North and South America) that took place as a result of exploration and colonization.

* __Items sent from Europe to the Americas include:__ Wheat, sugar, bananas, horses, chickens and diseases (like smallpox and measles).
* __Items sent from the Americas to Europe include:__ Maize (corn), potatoes, beans, squash, chili peppers, cocoa, and tobacco.

\*Is the ultimate example of cultural diffusion

Commercial Revolution

\*This term refers to the new forms of business that were introduced during the Age of Exploration. These new forms of business included:

* Joint-stock companies- Investors would combine money to help pay for trading projects.
* The expansion (growth) of banking.
* Capitalism- Form of business in which profits from one project are reinvested in other projects in order to make more money.

Ibn Battuta

Arab/Muslim explorer who traveled a total of 75,000 miles and visited lands in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer of the Ming Dynasty who sailed the Indian and Pacific Oceans to lands that included Southeast Asia, India, the western coast of Africa.

Age of Absolutism

\*1600s - 1700s

* The period in European history when nations were governed (ruled) by absolute monarchs.
* The term “monarch” means “king.” Absolute monarchs were kings who had total control over the nations that they ruled.

__Key characteristics/features of absolute monarchs:__

* Absolute monarchs centralized political control, which means that they did not share power with anyone else.
* Absolute monarchs believed in Divine Right, which was the idea that kings received their power to rule directly from God.
* Absolute monarchs believed that their power was unlimited. They made laws without the consent (approval) of the people.

Peter the Great

He was the absolute monarch of Russia. He also westernized Russia.

Louis XIV

He was the absolute monarch of France.

Philip II

He was the absolute monarch of Spain

Henry VIII

He was the absolute monarch of England.

Suleiman the Magnificent

He was the absolute monarch of the Ottoman Empire.

Scientific Revolution

\*1500s - 1600s

* This period was a sudden and dramatic change in how people viewed the world.
* During this period, science and reason were used to explain how the world worked. People no longer turned only to the Bible and the Catholic Church for answers.

Effects:

* It resulted in the spread of new ideas throughout Europe.
* It challenged the traditional authority of the Catholic Church since European scientists proved that many Church teachings were incorrect.
* The new ideas of this period directly led to the Enlightenment

Copernicus

Astronomer who developed the Heliocentric Theory- The idea that the planets revolve around the sun.

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer who proved that Copernicus was correct. He was put on trial by the Catholic Church because his ideas contradicted (went against) its teachings.

Sir Issac Newton

Mathematician and astronomer who developed calculus and the theory of gravity

Johannes Kepler

Astronomer who helped discover how planets move

Descartes

Mathematician, scientist, and philosopher.

Enlightenment

\*1700s

\*The period in European history when reason was used to understand and improve society.Often called “The Age of Reason.”

__Key ideas:__

* Philosophers believed that society could be improved by using reason and natural law (universal rules that are always true).
* Philosophers believed that governments receive their authority from the people (NOT from God).
* Philosophers believed in democracy

__Key effects:__

* Helped cause political revolutions in France, Latin America, and the United States because the philosophers believed that people could overthrow unfair governments
* Enlightened Despots- These were European kings and queens who believed in Enlightenment ideas and ruled using Enlightenment principles (ideas).

John Locke

He believed that all people have natural rights (the right to life, liberty, and property). He also said that people have the right to overthrow governments that fail to protect these rights

Baron de Montesquieu

In order to prevent kings from being too strong, he believed that power in government should be divided into three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) so that there is a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances.

Voltaire

He believed that everyone is entitled to freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Rousseau

He believed that society is a social contract (an agreement in which all people agree to work for the common good of society).

English/Glorious Revolution

\*1689

* The event in which the people of England successfully limited the power of their monarchs.
* Took place because people in England believed that the absolute monarchs of England were unfair and had too much power.

__Key effects:__

* England’s government became a limited (or constitutional) monarchy- This is a form of government in which the power of monarchs is limited by written laws.
* Below is a list of laws that each limited the power of the English king in some way:

\- The Magna Carta

\-The Petition of Right

\-The English Bill of Rights

\-Habeas Corpus

French Revolution

\*1789-1815

\*The event in which the people of France overthrew their king (Louis XVI) and fought for more rights.

__Key causes:__

* French society was divided into three estates (social classes). The people of the Third Estate were mostly peasants. They were angry that they had very few rights and paid the highest taxes.
* France was ruled by absolute monarchs. The French people believed that these kings abused their power and denied the rights of the people.
* The ideas of the Enlightenment inspired the French people to overthrow their unfair kings and to create a new government that protected their rights.
* France was in an economic crisis- The kings spent too much money and put France in debt.

__Key events:__

* Declaration of the Rights of Man- This was a document written during this time that gave equal rights to the men of France and created a fair system of taxation.
* Reign of Terror- This was an event where the leaders of the revolution executed thousands of people that they believed were loyal to the king. The Jacobins were the radical group leading this event and Robespierre was the leader of the Jacobins.

__Key effects:__

* King Louis XVI of France was executed by Robespierre and the Jacobins.
* The middle class of France gained more power and rights.

Napoleon Bonaparte

* The ruler who came to power at the end of the French Revolution.
* He expanded French territory by conquering neighboring lands in Europe. By doing so, he made French people feel nationalism .
* NOTE: The Regents wants you to know that Napoleon was finally defeated in 1812 because he made a big error (mistake): He invaded Russia during the winter and the freezing climate (weather) of Russia killed thousands of his soldiers. The same mistake was later made by Hitler during WWII.

Latin American Revolutions

\*1800-1830

\*The events where the colonies of Latin America (Central America, South America, and the Caribbean) fought to gain independence from Spain, Portugal, and France.

__Key causes:__

* The governments of Latin America were controlled by Peninsulares (people born in Spain and Portugal) who treated the people of Latin America poorly. Creoles (Europeans born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed Europeans/Native Americans), Native Americans, and African slaves demanded more rights.
* The ideas of the Enlightenment inspired the Latin Americans to fight for independence and overthrow their unfair governments.
* The American Revolution and the French Revolution inspired Latin Americans to fight for independence and overthrow their unfair governments.

__Below is a list of leaders that helped gain independence for the colonies of Latin America:__

* Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Toussaint L’Ouverture (All of these men were nationalists)

NOTE: After gaining independence, attempts were made to unify the different areas of Latin America in order to form one country. These attempts failed because Latin America has many natural boundaries (i.e.- Andes Mountains, Amazon Rainforest, etc.) that prevent communication between regions

Industrial Revolution

\*1700s-1800s

* The change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories.
* It started in Great Britain (England) because it had many natural resources (i.e.- coal, iron, tin, lead, waterways) that are necessary to produce and transport goods.
* __Key effects:__
* Industrialization
* Urbanization- The growth of cities. People came to urban (city) areas to get jobs in factories. Many cities had severe pollution from the smoke that came out of factories.
* Bad working conditions- Workers in factories worked in dangerous conditions for long hours and low pay. Young children were frequently hired and abused in these factories.
* Formation of Labor Unions- Workers formed labor unions (organizations of workers) that fought to improve the pay and working conditions of workers.
* Legislation- Governments eventually passed laws to set minimum wage and end child labor

Laissez Faire Capitalism (Market Economy)

This was the economic system that was used during the Industrial Revolution (and that is still used in most of the world today). It was based on the following ideas:

* Businesses and factories should be owned by individuals (NOT the government).
* Business decisions should be made by Individuals (the government should NOT interfere).
* Prices should be set by individuals (NOT the government) based on supply and demand