Pathology FINAL

Congenital Disease

present at birth and comes from genetic/environmental factors

Hereditary Disease

genetically transmitted from either parent to child

Inflammatory Disease

results from the body's reaction to localized injurious agent

Degenerative Disease

deterioration of the body

Metabolic Disease

caused by a disturbance of the normal physiological function

Traumatic Disease

result from mechanical forces

Example of Traumatic Disease

crushing or twisting of bone

ionizing radiation

Neoplastic Disease

results in new, abnormal tissue growth

Difference between sarcoma and carcinoma

Carcinoma- derives from epithelial tissue

Sarcoma- derives from connective tissue

CHAPTER 2

The adult skeletal system has how many bones?

206

More than ...% of the body's total is calcium

98

How much % is phosphorus in the skeletal system?

75

Axial Skeleton consists of how many bones?

80

Appendicular Skeleton has how many bones?

126

What type of tissue is the bone?

connective tissue

Outer Portion of Bone is made of?

Compact Bone

Inner Portion of Bone is made of?

Cancellous Bone (spongy)

Inner Portion of Bone is also known as the?

medullary cavity

Bone Marrow is located between ?

trabeculae

Red Bone Marrow is responsible for?

Hematopoiesis- production of erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Osteoblasts are what type of cells?

bone-forming cells that line the medullary cavity

Osteoblasts are responsible for ?

bone growth

Osteoclasts do what?

break down the bone to enlarge the medullary cavity

Osteoclasts are responsible for?

bone remodeling and absorption of bone tissue during growth and healing

What is the shaft portion of the bone?

Diaphysis

What is the expanded end potion of the bone?

Epiphysis

What is the growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis?

Metaphysis

Label this picture

A- Epiphysis

B- Medullary Cavity

C- Diaphysis-body

D- Epiphyseal Plate

Osteogenesis Imperfecta is also known as

brittle bone disease

OI is what type of disease?

Rare congenital disease affecting connective tissue

OI is a result of what type of defect? autosomal or autodominant?

Autosomal (only one parent needs to have the altered gene)

OI mildest type

Type One

OI most severe type

Type Eight

What is used to help diagnose types 2,3, and 4

CFS- Cultured Skin Fibroblasts

OI is caused by ?

mutations in two structural genes that affect collagen production

Two types of OI

Osteogensis Imperfecta Congenita and Osteogensis Imperfecta Tarda

Osteogensis Imperfecta Tarda vs Congenita

Congenita-present at birth

Tarda- fractures can appear for some years after birth

What is best for evaluation for OI?

radiography

OI technique

no change

3 multiple choice options

Syndactyly is failure of?

1. failure of fingers or toes to separate

Physical Appearance of Syndactyly?

webbed digits

Syndactyly

Polydactyly definition

presence of an extra digit or digits

polydactyly

Clubfoot definition

congenital malformation of the foot that prevents normal weight bearing

Clubfoot is more common in males or females?

males

Plantar Flexion deformity is associated with?

Clubfoot

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip definition (pg. 27)

malformation of the acetabulum

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip occurs more in what gender?

Females

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip ratio of births

1/1000 births

What modality might be used to diagnose Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip early in life?

Sonography

Scoliosis definition

abnormal lateral deviation of the spine

In Scoliosis, the spine usually curves which way in the T-spine. Which way in the L-spine?

T-Spine- convex to the right

L-Spine- convex to the left (think L and L)

Up to what percentage is scoliosis idiopathic? (unknown cause)

80

Scoliosis generally does not become visually apparent until what stage?

adolescence

Scoliosis tends to affect which gender more?

females

What is it called when the primary issue is outside the spine?

Functional or Nonstructural Scoliosis

Best modality for Scoliosis

Radiography

How is scoliosis corrected?

brace/body cast or spinal fusion

Osteomyelitis definition

inflammation of bone marrow (itis) and surrounding bone(osteo)

Osteomyelitis is caused by?

pathogenic microorganism spread via the bloodstream from an infection

Signs and Symptoms of Osteomyelitis (4)

1. pain

2. heat

3. swelling

4. Redness

Imaging Modalities for Osteomyelitis (3)

1. MRI

2. NM

3. Radiography

Technique for Osteomyelitis

subtractive

Hematogenous Osteomyelitis develops where?

at the ends of long bones

Osteosarcoma definition

most common primary malignancy of skeleton in children and young adults which arise from osteoblasts

Osteosarcoma is caused by?

deletion of genetic material on chromosome 13 and the oncogene src

what is essential for the development of osteosarcoma?

genetic instability

Osteosarcoma is frequently found where in long bones?

metaphysis of long bones - mostly in distal femur and proximal tibia

Modalities for Osteosarcoma

1. Radiography

2. MRI

3. NM

Technique for Osteosarcoma

additive

CHAPTER 3- Respiratory System

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Ventilation

air in and out the lungs

Diffusion

gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system

Upper Respiratory Tract consists of? (4)

1. nose

2. mouth

3. pharynx

4. larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract consists of? (4)

1. Trachea

2. Bronchi

3. Alveoli

4. Lungs

Visceral vs Parietal Pleura

Visceral = vital organs- covers the organs (inner layer)

Parietal- pertains to cavity wall lining (outer layer)

What X-ray is most frequently used?

Chest X-Ray

Subtractive Disease

easier than normal for x-ray to penetrate

Additive Disease

harder for x-ray to penetrate

Example of additive disease

Pneumonia

Example of subtractive disease

Emphysema

Position defintion

arrangement of the individual's body (erect, supine, recumbent)

Projection definition

path of x-ray beam (AP/PA)

What is used when individual is too ill for an erect chest x-ray?

AP projection

An individual should sit in what position to demonstrate air-fluid levels ?

erect

which projection is useful in separating superimposed structures such as sternum, esophagus, and thoracic spine?

Oblique Projections

which projection is useful in demonstrating apices of the lungs?

Lordotic Projection

Which muscles are normally demonstrated overlying the lung fields?

pectoral muscles

Cystic Fibrosis definition

A disorder resulting from a genetic defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene that affects the function of exocrine glands

Modality for Cystic Fibrosis

Radiography

most common lethal genetic disease in white children

Cystic Fibrosis

CHAPTER 3- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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Embolus Definition

any foreign material within the blood such as an air bubble, fat, bacteria, fat, and amniotic fluid

Embolism definition

occurs when a mass of matter in the bloodstream collects and creates an embolus

Embolus can lead to what?

ischemia- lack of oxygen

Pulmonary Embolism

when an embolus forms in a pulmonary artery

CHAPTER 5 -GI SYSTEM/ HEPAT/ABDOMEN

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Nine regions of abdomen

right hypochondriac

epigastric

left hypochondriac

right lateral

umbilical

left lateral

right inguinal

hypogastric

left inguinal