Human Population Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing human population lecture notes.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of babies a woman has in her lifetime.

Replacement Level Fertility Rate (RFR)

Number of children a woman needs to have to replace herself and her spouse.

Crude Birth Rate/Death Rate

Number of individuals born or dead per 1,000 per year.

Demographic Momentum

Populations increasing after TFR and RFR due to a high number of pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals.

Density-Dependent Factors

Factors like competition, predation, and parasitism that affect population size based on density.

Density-Independent Factors

Factors like weather, climate, volcanoes, fires, and floods that affect population size regardless of density.

Age Structure Diagram

Two-sided histogram for males and females at different age groups.

Pre-Industrial Stage (Phase One)

High CBR and CDR, resulting in a stable population.

Transitional Stage (Phase Two)

High CBR but decreasing CDR, leading to a rapid rise in population.

Industrial Stage (Phase Three)

Low CDR and decreasing CBR, population growth is slower and heading towards stabilization.

Post-Industrial Stage (Phase Four)

Low CBR and CDR, population is stabilized or in decline.

China's One/Two Child Policy

Significantly reduced fertility rate and increased GDP per capita but led to problems like aging population and gender imbalance.

India's Population Control

Male and female sterilizations, contraception failed due to culture, religion, and policy issues; expected to be the most populous country.

Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Rate

Provide a quick indicator of whether a population is developing or developed and reveal potential issues.

Factors Affecting Birth Rate

Need for children in the workforce, education of women, access to birth control, religion, infant mortality rate, age of marriage.

Factors Affecting Death Rate

Availability of healthcare, food, weather events, safe water supplies.

Importance of Urbanization

Family planning, access to birth control/abortion, education, work opportunities.

Population Control Strategies - Incentives and Sanctions

Rewards, tax credits, subsidies (e.g., Russia, USA, Singapore); Penalties (e.g., China).

Population Control Strategies - Education

Family planning, birth control, condoms offered to reduce population growth.