Ap hug: Unit 4 Vocab

Sovereignty

The right of the government to control and defend and determine country borders.

Nation

Group or people with a common identity through the same cultural traits.

Self-determination

The right of a nation to govern themselves without external interference.

Nation-state

Territory occupied by a certain nation of people that fits its borders.

Exmpl: Japanese in Japan.

Multinational State

Country with multiple ethnicities/cultures within its borders.

Multi state nation

A nation of people that occupy more than 1 state.

Exmpl: Koreans in N and S Korea

Stateless nation

A Nation of people without a state to occupy.

Exmpl: the Kurds and Palestinians

Territoriality

The way a group of people use and control space to communicate ownership, influence, or control over a particular area.

Neocolonialism

The indirect control of a country by another, often a former colonial power, through economic, political, and cultural means rather than direct military or political domination.

Shatter belts

Instability within a region that is located between states with overlapping territories and political power.

Choke points

A narrow geographic location, canal, that is critical for trade or military movement because a significant volume of traffic must pass through it.

Exmpl: Panama Canal

Defined boundaries

Countries legally defined a border through a treaty/agreement.

Delimited boundary

Identifying the location of a defined boundary on a map.

Demarcated boundaries

Physical boundary/ marking of a landscape.

Administered boundary

A border that is actively managed, protected, and administered by a sovereign government.

Exmpl: border from Mexico and US

Land boundaries

The defined lines that seperate distinct political entities, like counties, states, and territories.

Maritime boundary

Define a countries territorial sea and exclusive economic zone.

Territorial seas

Maritime zone extending 12 nautical miles seaward from a coastal states baseline.

Exclusive economic zones

A maritime area where a costal nation has specific rights to explore, exploit, and manage natural resources, including fishing and mineral extracting, within 200 nautical miles of its cost line.

Voting districts

Specific geographic areas defined for the purpose of electing representatives to government bodies.

Redistricting

Process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral districts to reflect changes in population and ensure fair representation.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party.

Antecedent boundaries

A border that is drawn before an area is significantly populated or has a well-established cultural landscape.

Subsequent boundary

A political boundary drawn after the population and cultural land space have already been established.

Consequent boundaries

A political boundary drawn after the established cultural landscape, usually to separate groups based on cultural features like ethnicity, languages, or religion.

Superimposed boundaries

Boundary drawn without regard for existing cultural divisions.

Relic boundaries

A political boundary that was previously functional but no longer serves a purpose.

Geometric boundaries

A political boundary drawn using straight lines, typically following lines of longitude or latitude.

Internal boundaries

A line or border that divides one area or entity into two or more smaller areas/ entities.

Exmpl: cities, states, counties

Unitary state

A country where political power is concentrated in the central government, with limited authority at the subnational levels.

Federal states

Political system where power is shared between a central government and regional and local governments.

Exmpl: USA, Mexico.

Autonomous region

Geographical area within a state the possesses a high degree of self governance and control over its own affairs, but is not an independent country.

Exmpl: Native American reservations in the USA

Demi-autonomous regions

An area within a state that possesses some degree of self governance but is not fully independent.

Ethnic separatism

A movement by an ethnic or cultural group seeking full political independence from a larger state.

Exmpl: basque and Catalan separatist movement in Spain.

Ethnic cleansing

forcible removal of an area ethic, racial, or religious group usually to create homogenous area.

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a region or state into smaller, often hostile, political units.

democratization

Process of transitioning from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime.

Equitable infrastructure development

Ensuring that infrastructure projects (roads, water systems, and transportation) are designed and implemented to benefit all members of society.

United Nations conference on the law of the sea

An international treaty adopted in 1982 that sets a comprehensive legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. (Rules governing the use of the oceans and their resources)

Irredentism

Territorial claim based on ethnic, historical, or national grounds, where a state asserts that territories belonging to another state should be incorporated due to sharing ethnicity or historical connection.