A level SOCIO

what is a universal value?

a value that applies to everyone and everyone believes in

Which theory said that Education passes on norms and values in order to integrate individuals into society. Education helps to create social order based on cohesion and value consensus, and to strengthen social solidarity.

Durkheim, Functionalist theory.

Whats is Value consensus?

sharing the same norms and values

Who said that School is a bridge between the family and adult roles of society?

Parsons- Functionalist

Who said Schools pass on a universal value of achievement?

Parsons- Functionalist

Who said Education selects children into appropriate roles because it meritocratic?

Parsons- Functionalist

What is Meritocracy (in education)?

equality of opportunity - functionalist

Who said that every society sorts its members into different positions- they think that there are rules as to how education does this- called principles of stratification?

Davis and Moore 1945- functionalist

Who said there has to be a system of unequal rewards (more money or status) to motivate people (as an incentive) to reach the top positions

Davis and Moore 1945 functionalist

The school that believes education is meritocratic.

Functionalism

Which view believes education is meritocratic?

Functionalism

Who argued what concept that states School mirrors the needs of that of the capitalist economy and is constructed upon unequal relations of authority therefore the school teaches pupils to accept social inequality through the hidden curriculum by teaching?

Correspondence principle -Bowles and Gintis 1976 Marxist

What is the Hidden Curriculum?

As well as the formal curriculum of subject content, schools pass on norms and values- obedience and respect for example, that are expected in the workplace. e.g. dressing smart through school uniform, being punctual.

What is a Ideological State Apparatus (ISA)?

Althusser, a neo- Marxist, sees education as part of the ISA- a tool for capitalism that is used to pass on the belief that society is fair- legitimises inequality. It also use ideologies to oppress the w.class.

What did Willis argue in 1977

Willis 1977 says that education doesn't turn out an obedient workforce- some kids form an anti-school subculture, disagrees with Althusser who suggests education does produce docile and obedient workforce.

What is Cultural capital?

Knowledge, language, skills, attitudes- Bourdieu
Marxist- middle class children succeed because of it

Who argues that the hidden curriculum unofficially reinforces gender differences?

Feminists

Which view argues that the hidden curriculum unofficially reinforces gender differences?

Feminists

What do Liberal feminists want for the Education system?

want equal access to education for both sexes

What do Radical feminists believe about education?

believe men are a bad influence want female-centred education for girls

What do Marxist feminists want?

want to consider gender inequalities combined with that of class and ethnicity

Which perspective argues that the role of the state should be more like the role of a business- businesses have to compete with one another to attract consumers, this would force schools to better themselves?

New Right

Which perspective argued that State schools are run by the state so they don't have to compete for their consumers and that this has caused poor standards?

New Right

What is a Self fulfilling prophecy?

This is when the student internalises the label that they've been given as part of their identity and 'acts upon the label.

Who argued that some studies have shown that teachers label students based on ethnic, gender and class stereotypes. E.g. found that black pupils were more likely to be disciplined than their white classmates for the same behaviour and black students felt that their teachers had low expectations of them

Gillborn and Youdell (2000)

What is streaming?

students are sorted into classes according to their ability and stay in these groups for most of their subjects.

What is setting?

students are sorted into classes according to ability but on a subject to subject basis. Usually done at secondary school stage.

What is mixed ability?

highest and lowest achieving students are taught together classes aren't based on ability.

What did Ball argue in 1981?

found that teachers had high expectations for the highest ability classes, more attention and encouragement while lower sets received negative labelling and performed poorly.

Who looked at a group of black girls in year 11 at a comprehensive school, they were high ability but felt that their teachers wee racist so formed a subculture worked alone and succeeded.

Fuller 1984

Who studied a group of boys who formed an anti-school subculture and found that the 'lads' deliberately disrupted lessons as a way of gaining respect from others within the subculture and also observed that these boys were working class and likely to get a manual job after school?

Willis 1997

What did Archer and yamashita (2008) study?

studied a group of year 10 boys in a London comprehensive school that displayed norms and values that were anti school and anti education- style clothes and accent were important in their identity and the image they displayed. In school they viewed studying and reading as soft and if they worked had would me labelled negatively by their peers.

What did Sewell argue (2000)?

Studied afro-Caribbean boys and identified four groups- conformists, innovated, retreatists, rebels

What are Conformists?

Sewell (2000) identified these as pro school and pro education, well motivated to succeed

What are innovators?

Sewell (2000) Pro school but anti-education, felt that the school and the teachers has failed to provide for their needs. Accepted the goals of achieving but rejected the means of doing so.

What are Retreatists?

Sewell (2000) rejected the goals of education and schooling and the means of achieving. Not confrontational, just didn't like school work.

What are Rebels?

Sewell (2000) Disliked and distrusted by the other three groups (reteatists, innovated and conformists). Followed rap culture and felt that school had failed them.

what are Grammar schools?

specialist selective schools for those who pass the 11+ entrance exam to educated the smartest individuals together.

what is a secondary modern?

a school with a non-academic curriculum which led to manual work jobs - mainly attended by working-class pupils. Taught a wide range of subjects.

what percentage of pupils attended a grammar school in 1944?

20%

which act brought the tripartite system?

1944 education act

which group within society were grammar schools criticised for being biased towards?

white middle class pupils as they could afford 11+ tuition.

why was the 11+ criticised?

the measurement of intelligence is subjective and cant be measured through one test.

what did the tripartitie system repoduce?

educational and social inequalties

What are the ideas within the comprehensive system?

1.all pupils in the same area would attend the same school and learn the same things and have the same educational opportunities
2. There would be no selection or different types of school/ education
3. pupils would have more opportunities to gain important qualifications

what year was comprehensive education brought in?

1960

what ways does the new right criticise the tripartite system?

it reproduces class inequalities and misjudges pupils intelligence

what were the main aims of the conservative governments 1979-1997?

1.Raise standards by making schools compete with each other creating an 'education market'
2. Increase parental choice
3. Establish greater government control over what was taught in schools
4. Reduce the influence of Local Education Authorities (LEAs)
5. Introduce more vocational education

what is parentocracy?

making parents consumers and, like in the business sector, market school to entice parents to choose them for their childrens education. Introducing parental power into state education.

what did the 1988 education reform act introduce?

1. introduced a National Curriculum in England and Wales.
2. national assessment primarily through SATs at 7, 11, 14 and 16.
3. Schools could 'opt out' of their LEA and become Grant Maintained Schools
4. Open enrolment
5. Formula funding

what is formula funding?

giving schools the money based on how many pupils they attract (bums on seats) e.g. giving a set amount per pupil. Acts as incentive to schools to improve as increased pupils lead to increased funding\= more successful.

what is parental choice?

parents did not have to send their child to the local school and had more choice over where to put their child

what do league tables do to schools image?

by publishing exam results, truancy rates etc, schools can either have a good or bad image and this can attract or repel potential 'customers'

what is selection by mortgage?

parents can move into catchment areas of more successful schools and this causes inequality as middle class wealthy parents can afford to move into better catchment areas where as w.class may be stuck in council estates or may not have funds to move

what is cream skimming?

when schools are oversubscribed they can be selective over which pupils they take, choosing the most able ones over others to get the best cohort leading to a knock on affect of remaining a successful school.

what is parentorcracy seen as ?

a myth

what is parentocracy seen as ?

a myth

what policies/ ideas did labour introduce between 1997 and 2010?

1. New Labour argued that education is the key to economic success - a modern global market means individuals to continually develop and change their skills.
2. Marketisation was needed to promote diversity and choice.
3. identified the need for all pupils to have good basic skills in numeracy and literacy.
4. However, they were concerned that some groups were failing in education - with negative effects for society, communities and individuals.
overall they wanted to reduce inequality, especially for the w.class.

what conversative policies changed under the labour government?

-League tables
-School inspections
-Vocational education
-Powers to take over failing schools
-National Curriculum
-Testing (at 7,11, 14 and 16)
-Local Management of Schools
-Formula funding
-Student loans rather than grants

what conservative policies changed under the labour government?

-League tables
-School inspections
-Vocational education
-Powers to take over failing schools
-National Curriculum
-Testing (at 7,11, 14 and 16)
-Local Management of Schools
-Formula funding
-Student loans rather than grants

what did Ball argue about ethnocentrism ?

they argued that school has a ethnocentric curriculum which teaches about English history and culture and this can cause ethnic minorities to underachieve.

what is compensatory education?

Special educational programs designed to overcome the educational deficiencies associated with the socioeconomic, cultural, or minority group disadvantages of youth. E.g. In Britain, there is the Education Action Zones and Sure Start programmes.

what are the three types of cultural capital bourdieu argues?

economic, educational, social

what is a criticism of bowles and gintis?

they had no research or evidence to back up their theories, they just assumed this happened in school. Schools may not run in the same way and this is deterministic. Modern workplaces require creativity and flair rather than an always docile workforce.

What did Sewell noitce about black boys fathers

there wasn't a higher proportion of absent fathers, their fathers were less nurturing to their children with more of a tough love approach

How does Sewell think black boys can overcome lower academic success rates.

People having higher expectations for their achievement and more visibility of positive role models from their ethnicity.

What is a key feature of black male culture?

the gang environment is negative about school and being well spoken and doing well is seen as going against the gangs ethos.

what does Arnot think reinforces the gang culture?

rap music

what is black boys biggest barrier to success?

black peer pressure

why do asian boys typically do better than black boys at school?

because of pro academic values and positive views towards education.

what does gillborn think causes inequalities in academic success?

institutional racism

what four things are argued that act as a barrier for social success in w.class subcultures (sugarman)?

fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation

what year and country ws operation head start released in?

usa in 1960s

what tv show was part of headstart?

sesame street

what does keddie argue that cultural deprivtion theory is?

a myth and a victim blaming response

what did the department of education find in 2012 about the correlation between nfree school meals and gcse grades?

barely a third of pupils who were on free school meals got five or more a*-c grades as GCSE, incluidng english and maths.

what did flaherty argue was a signficant factorin attendance?

money issues in families is a significant factor for non attendance at schools in young children.

in 2009/2010, what percentage of pupils from the most disadvantaged areas went on to higher education?

19%

in 2009/2010, what percentage of pupils from the most advantaged areas went on to higher education?

57%

who conducted a study in oxford about cost of free schooling?

Tanner et al

what did Tanner et al find?

they found the cost of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sports, music equipment, art supplies etc put a heavy burden on poor families

what did smith and noble argue?

poverty acts as a barrier to learning as pupils cant afford private schooling or tuition.

what year was the EMA abolished and by which government?

2011 by the coalition government

what percentage of oxford pupils come from private schools?

nearly 1/2

what did robinson argue would be the best way to boost achievement?

by fighting childhood poverty

what is an example of use of questionnaires?

sullivan(2001) survey of 465 pupils in four schools about a range of activities to assess their cultural capital e.g. museum visits etc.

what was education like before 1870's?

-prior to industrial revolution, there was no state schools
-education only provided for the rich in society
-some charities and churches provided for the poor
state spent no money on education as they didn't see the point and didn't see it as their role

what did Ball and Whitty argue?

marketisation reproduces inequality through legue tables and competition which causes segregation between classes

What did the Butler act want?

more equality, education for 5-15 year olds, better teachers and similar material taught, tripartitie system

what did the forster act introduce?

basic udnerstanding for 5-10 years olds, four R's (reading, writing, arithmetic and religion), industrialisation required a more educated workforce

what did parentocracy include?

open enrolment(lea's set student numbers, successful schools could override this), publication of league tables and ofsted reports, business support in schools, creation of specialist schools, formula funding

what are policies a response to?

equal opportunity, selection and choice, control of education, marketisation and privatisation

which governemnt caused standards to fall and ranks to go down?

coalition (conservatives and lib dems)

which government was in control in 2010-2015?

coalition

which government is in power now?

conservatives

which government was in control from 1997-2010?

labour

what are policies defined as?

plans, strategies instructions and reccomendations

what was tony blairs (labour) policy called?

education, education,education

what were the aims of the comprehensive system (1965)?

-aimed to overcome class divide of Tripartite system
- make school more meritocratic and equal
-abolish the 11+ (replace with comprehensive schools)
-no new grammar schools to remain
- all students from one area go to the same school
-create LEA's in every borough ( decision to go comprehensive down to the lea)

what would functionalists say about comprehnesivisation?

increase social solidarity by mixing different classes