LZHS H Bio I Topic 4 Cell Energy - Respiration

Cell

Cell

Level of Organization: Basic unit/smallest functional unit of life

Plasma / Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable; controls what enters and leaves a cell, provides shape with some flexibility; BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes have this!

Nucleus

Control center of eukaryotic cells, directs cell operations, contains the DNA

What plant cells HAVE that animal cells do NOT

Cell walls, chloroplasts, and LARGE central vacuoles; sqare-ish shape

What animal cells have that plant cells do NOT

Centrioles; round-ish shape

Virus

A non-living thing that can cause disease in humans (made of nucleic acid and protein coat; but does NOT exhibit characteristics of living things)
Ex: chicken pox

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell; makes cell energy (ATP); has its own DNA source

Cell wall

Made of cellulose in a plant cell, provides structure and support; helps to protect and stabilize a plant cell

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell WITHOUT a nucleus, DNA floats in the cytoplasm.
There are NO membrane bound organelles.
There is a cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, and cytoplasm.
Ex: bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell WITH DNA enclosed in a nucleus.
There ARE membrane bound organelles.
There is a cell membrane, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
Ex: animal cells, plant cells, fungi cells, & protest cells

Levels of organization in a multi-cellular organism

(molecule = non-living)
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis takes place in a plant cell; sugar is produced
(not found in animal cells)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A type of Cellular Respiration that requires oxygen; most efficient ATP Production; Net
36 ATP Produced

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen; 2 Types: Alcoholic (yeast) & Lactic Acid (animal/bacteria); only 2 ATP are produced!

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A type of Cellular Respiration that does NOT require oxygen (2 types of fermentation);
Net 2ATP Produced

Photosynthesis

A process that photoautrophs use to produce chemical energy (glucose) from sunlight (light energy)

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

High Energy Bonds

The bond between the 3rd phosphate and ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Cell energy is released when this bond is broken and stored when put together.

Chloroplast

Organelle (in many photoautotrophs) where pigment is found making it the site of photosynthesis

Reactants for Cellular Respiration (Aerobic)

Glucose & Oxygen

Products of Cellular Respiration (Aerobic)

Carbon dioxide, water & energy

Endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes; ex. mitochondria, chloroplast

ADP

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy

endergonic reaction

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions; takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Cellular Respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen