Russia from Principality to Nation State, Limitations of Absolutism

Flashcards about the rise of Russia, Sweden, and limitations of absolutism.

What changes did Russia go through from principality to nation-state?

Russia expanded its territory and Peter the Great implemented administrative and tax reforms, modernizing the military.

What was the impact of Peter the Great's reign on Russia?

Peter the Great modernized and westernized Russia, making it a great military power and an important member of the European state system.

What were the downsides of Peter the Great's policies?

Westernization primarily reached the upper classes, while reforms increased burdens on the masses. Peter the Great's forceful westernization led to distrust of Europe.

How did Peter the Great react to the Streltsy revolt upon his return from the West?

Peter dealt with the Streltsy revolt savagely, signaling an intent to punish rebels severely.

What was Sweden's status in the 16th century?

In the 16th century, Sweden broke ties with Denmark and became an independent state.

What was the relationship between Denmark and Sweden like in the 17th century?

Territorial ambitions and rivalry kept Denmark and Sweden in near constant conflict during the 17th century despite their shared Lutheran religion.

What led to the constitutional changes in Denmark?

Danish military losses in the Thirty Years' War led to a constitutional crisis, resulting in a hereditary monarchy and absolutist constitution.

How did Sweden stabilize its monarchy and build a formidable army?

Gustavus Adolphus and his chief minister Axel Oxenstierna implemented a new policy integrating the nobility into the bureaucracy, creating a stable monarchy.

Why did Queen Kristina of Sweden abdicate the throne?

Kristina's disinterest in ruling and preference for philosophy and religion led to her abdication in favor of her cousin Charles X.

How did Charles XI strengthen the Swedish monarchy?

Charles XI rebuilt the Swedish monarchy along the lines of absolutism, weakening the nobles and strengthening the bureaucracy and military.

What led to the decline of Sweden as a first-class power?

Charles XII's military focus and conflicts with Poland, Denmark, and Russia led to Sweden losing much of its northern empire.

What were the major Ottoman conquests in the early 16th century?

The Ottoman Turks seized Belgrade in 1521 and Hungary by 1526, but were repulsed when they tried to conquer Vienna in 1529.

What halted Turkish expansion in the Western Mediterranean?

The Spanish destroyed a large Turkish fleet at Lepanto in 1521.

In what regions did the Ottomans make the greatest territorial gains in the sixteenth century?

They made the greatest territorial gains in the Middle East and North Africa.

Who were the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

The Janissaries were an elite corps of troops composed of Christian boys taken from their parents, converted to Islam, and subjected to military discipline.

What did government mean for most people in 1700?

Local courts, tax collectors, and armed forces organizers.

Who had power in the European monarchical system in the seventeenth century?

Above all other considerations stood the landholding nobility.

Who controlled the Polish monarchy in Eastern Europe?

The Polish aristocracy controlled a virtually powerless king.

What was unique about Poland's governmental system?

The assemblies of nobles elected the king and carefully limited royal power.

What reduced the Polish government to virtual chaos?

The acceptance of the Liberium veto in 1652, whereby meetings could be stopped by a single dissenting member.

What was one of Europe's great powers in the seventeenth century?

The United Provinces.

What was the role of the stadtholder?

Each province had an official known as a stadtholder who was responsible for leading the army and maintaining order.

What were the two things that made Amsterdam's expansion possible in the seventeenth century?

Amsterdam merchants possessed vast fleets of ships and the Dutch invented the flint.

What managed Amsterdam's physical expansion?

Amsterdam's physical expansion was soon managed by its population as the city grew to 200,000 by 1665.

What was the oft quoted phrase for the self confident Dutch burgers?

Cleanliness is next to godliness.

What was King James I's view on the power of kings?

King James I of England espoused the divine right of kings, alienating Parliament.

What did the Puritans want James to eliminate?

The Puritans, inspired by Calvinist theology, wanted James to eliminate the episcopal system.

Because Charles I could not work with parliament, what did he decide to do?

Charles I decided he would not summon parliament to meet.

What did the so-called long parliament to limit royal authority?

the abolition of arbitrary courts, the abolition of taxes and the passage of the revolutionary act.

What did 'the levelers' advocate for?

The levelers, advocated advanced ideas such as freedom of speech, religious toleration, and a democratic republic.

What did Cornwall have to resort to to maintain the rule of the independence?

Military force to maintain the rule of the independence.

What did the new parliament do at the restoration of the monarchy?

The cavalier parliament restored the Anglican Church as the official church of England.

What did James II do which guaranteed a new constitutional crisis for England?

He issued a new declaration of indulgence, which suspended all lost bearing Catholics and dissenters from office.

James II was an [what]?

An open and about cath Catholic.

What happened on England's glorious revolution concerning the English noblemen?

A group of seven prominent English noblemen invited William of Orange.

The Glorious Revolution was whether who would be the [what]?

The monarch.

Who affirmed the Bill of Rights and the convention?

The parliament.

What did the Toleration Act of 1689 grant?

The Toleration Act of 1689 granted Duritan dissenters the right of free public worship.

What was demolished by disposing of one king and establishing the other?

By disposing by deposing one king and establishing another parliament had demolished the divine right theory of kingship.

How did Hobbes claim a humans life to be?

Hobbes claimed that in the state of nature that human life was solitary, poor, nasty, British, and short.

In their natural state, what did humans have certain human rights to?

In this case of nature, humans had certain inalienable human rights of to life, liberty, and prosperity.

What affected Mannerism?

Mannerism affected this environment in its deliberate attempt to break down the high Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.

What replaced manneriism?

A new movement, the Baroque, eventually replaced mannerism.

What did French classism continued?

French classism continued the baroque's conception of grandeur and the portrayal of noble subjects.

Who commissioned works of art?

Wealthy Patricians and burglars of Dutch urban society.

Who is the all known dramatist?

William Shakespeare.

What did Moliere usually do in his comedies?

Moliere wrote, produced and acted in a series of comedies that often satirized the religious and social world of his time.

What were the three new powers that emerged in central Eastern Europe?

Three new powers made their appearance: Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

The political thought in the seventeenth century was based on [what]?

The growth of political thought focusing on the secular origins of state power.

With the growing concern of power and the dynamic expansion in all major states has led with the growing concern of power and the dynamic expansion?

In all the major European states, a growing concern from power and dynamic expansion led to larger armies in greater conflict.