TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) World History Competency 004 (A & B)

Great Depression

Speculation that stocks were being overvalued led to this which became a global issue as banks in the US and Europe closed and millions forced into bankruptcy

Great Depression

During and after WWI the US had lent millions to other nations becoming the banking capital of the world but nations struggled to repay especially with US created tariffs limiting European economic growth eventually leading to this

Great Depression

Large surpluses in agriculture and industry led to overproduction and falling prices leading to this.

Great Depression

The drastic slowdown in economic activity led to tremendous instability with nations that were already unstable with new political identities extreme forms of government emerged as a result of this.

Holocaust

The Nazi regime was responsible for systematically exterminating 6 million Jews, 5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, communists and other undesirables during this

Antisemitism

This was generally accepted in Europe which assisted in genocide during the Nazi regime

Einsatzgruppen

They were the German SS action squads that began exterminating Jews following the invasion of the Soviet union in June 1941

Final Solution

This was the plan that was to evacuate all remaining Jews in Europe to the death camps in Poland

Wannsee Conference

Held in January 1942 this meeting discussed and approved the Final Solution

Nuremburg Trials

This was the trial in which Nazi war criminals were tried for crimes against humanity.

Auschwitz Belzec Treblinka

These were concentration camps where methods such as gassing, electrocution, flamethrowers, phenol injections, machine guns and grenades were used to exterminate Jews and other prisoners

Decolonization

This followed after World War II where mother countries of colonies could no longer maintain control as they attempted to repair the damage on their own war-torn lands

Decolonization

This occurred as a result of mounting pressure from nationalist movements within colonies for home rule

Decolonization

As a result of this Imperial powers ended colonial possessions ending imperial rule across the globe

Decolonization

Because of this, new states struggled to maintain autonomy and develop self-determination in the shadow of the Cold War

Decolonization

As a result of this more than 90 colonies gained independence from the end of the war to 1980

American Revolution

This came as a result of the French and Indian War where the 13 British colonies in North America resented the taxation levied to pay off the war debt and infringement on other rights ending Britain's salutary neglect on the colonies

No Taxation Without Representation

Under this moniker, Americans sought the right to govern themselves

Continental Congress

Formed in 1774 this was formed to oversee ant-British actions

Declaration of Independence

This was adopted in July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independence

This was greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinking and provided the colonists with justification for seeking independence from the crown arguing that government is based on the consent of the governed and that government is to protect and secure the rights of its citizens

American Revolution

This had an enormous influence on subsequent revolutions around the world, most notably France

National Assembly Legislative Assembly Directory

Napoleonic Era

These were the four stages of the French Revolution

Estates General

1789 Louis XVI summoned representatives of this to convince them of the necessity of raising taxes due to Frances debt from excessive domestic and foreign spending

French Economic Crisis

This was known to be the primary cause of the French Revolution

Third Estate

This equaled 95% of the French population of which representatives met with the king to convince him to approve political reforms that would accord them more rights and protections

Three Estates

Considering there were only three of these made up of clergy, the nobility and the populace in the Estates General, it was unlikely that the majority estate would have a favorable outcome when petitioning the king for reform

Bastille

The Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves a National Assembly following shortly afterwards they stormed this spreading the French Revolution from Paris to the country

Life Liberty and Fraternity

This slogan was the banner of the National Assembly to which they wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man identifying natural rights of citizens, equality and sovereignty

Declaration of the Rights of Man

This was the French constitution written by the National Assembly that identified the rights of citizens, stated equality of man, and expressed a belief that sovereignty belonged to the people

National Assembly

The Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves this

National Assembly

This ended as unhappiness grew with the constitutional monarchy leading to the creation of a new constitution

Legislative Assembly

This was the government of France during the years of the French Revolution that provided focus of political debate and revolutionary law making in between the National Assembly and the Convention

National Convention

This was a single chamber assembly in France during the French Revolution succeeding the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic establishing a National Convention for the purposes of drawing up a constitution

Committee of Public Safety

This was created by the National Convention forming the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror

This was a period of violence that occurred following the French Revolution incited by conflict from the Girondins and the Jacobins marking the mass execution of enemies of the revolution by guillotine; the Committee of Public Safety was led by Robespierre who was executed

Directory

Following the Committee on Public Safety a new constitution was drawn up effectively ending its phase of the Revolution and established this to lead the French Government

Napoleonic Era

This was the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution where a coup d'etat occurred overthrowing the Directory and establishing the French Consulate

French Consulate

Napoleon was named head of the provisional consul and was the First Consul of this following which he was permitted to serve for 10 years

Peace of Amiens

This accordance with the UK gave Napoleon the pretext for endowing himself Consulate for life with a second national referendum held to confirm Napoleon as First Consul for Life instead of the 10 years provided to him in the First Consul

Peace of Amiens

The UK would later break this accord and begin Napoleonic Wars

Peace of Amiens

This provided that Britain recognize the French Republic and ended the Second Coalition, made up of Britain, Austria, and Russia, Ottoman Empire, who had warred against Revolutionary France

Emperor of the French

Napoleon was named this because of attempts on his life and the concern of not having a successor that the Republic would collapse

Emperor of the French

In being persuaded to accept this Napoleon provided that the power come from the people not by divine right. The French Senate passed a bill introducing the French Empire and in 1804 he crowned himself this establishing the Empire.

Napoleonic Code

This extended to political and legal equality to all French men and religious toleration was promoted

French Invasion of Russia

This ended in disaster when his troops were unable to continue fighting in the harsh conditions

Elba

Napoleon was forced into exile here upon returning from his defeat in Russia

Treaty of Fontainbleau

This officially exiled Napoleon to Elba where he was allowed to rule as emperor and had sovereignty over the island

100 Days

Napoleon escaped exile from Elba and returned to Paris to govern during this

Waterloo

This battle would be Napoleons defeat as he had marched against the allies who were planning to capture or kill him because of his return

St Helena

Hearing that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive Napoleon requested asylum from the British who exiled him here where he would remain until his death

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleons exile the nations that defeated Napoleon met in this venue to restore Europe to the way it was prior to the French Revolution and to negotiate a balance of power to prevent any one nation in Europe from gaining too much power

Congress of Vienna

The unstated goal of this was to limit growing nationalistic desires that had emerged after the French Revolution

Haiti

This was the first nation in Latin America to declare its independence

Saint Domingue

The French colony of this was the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence

Saint Domingue

This declared its independence in 1804 and was renamed Haiti however the US refused to recognize the new republic

Haitian Revolution

This began as a slave revolt where enslaved Africans rebelled against French settlers in Haiti

Toussaint-Louverture

A slave himself he organized rebellious Africans into an army in Haiti

Toussaint-Louverture

A slave, he was educated and had knowledge of Enlightenment principles as well as the success of the American Revolution

Toussaint-Louverture

He continued the fight even after slaves were granted their independence calling for Saint Domingue's independence from France

Toussaint-Louverture

He was captured in Haiti after French troops were ordered to put down the rebellion and died in a French prison

Haitian Revolution

Even without Toussaint-Louverture the rebellion continued after his death and in 1804 it declared its independence

Jacques Dessalines

He continued the fight for Haitian Independence after Toussaint-Louverture capture

Latin American Independence

This occurred as a result of Creole leaders resentful of the power and privilege of the peninsulares spread revolutionary ideas throughout Spanish and Portuguese colonies

Napoleon's Invasion of Europe

As a result of this the majority of Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained their independence

Miguel Hidalgo

Notable independence leader, he organized the indigenous and mestizo populations of Mexico

Simon Bolivar

He was a Creole from South America who led successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule

Simon Bolivar

This Creole was inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the success of the American and French Revolution

Simon Bolivar

For over a decade he led military campaigns against the Spanish ultimately winning independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia

Jose de San Martin

He worked with Simon Bolivar gaining independence for Argentina and Chile

Gran Colombia

Simon Bolivar had hoped to unify the independent nations of South America into a single state known as this

Panama

Through the interests of the US they tried to gain permission to build from Columbians who refused

Panama

TR offered Panamanian rebels the support of the US Navy as an incentive for them to seek independence

Panama

This country declared its independence from Columbia granting the US the authority to build

Mexican Revolution

This occurred after decades of limited social reform after falling under the control of a series of dictators when it gained its independence from Spain

Porfirio Diaz

He ruled Mexico in the early 1900s although he improved the economy socially Mexico was suffering

Porfirio Diaz

He was overthrown by Mexican nationalists to include Zapata, Pancho Villa and the middle class.

Mexican Revolution

As a result of this a new constitution was adopted establishing land reform through the government policy of land redistribution and granted rights to workers and women

Mexican Revolution

This led to improved healthcare, education and universal suffrage and its nationalism encouraged the government to take control of industry and discourage foreign-owned businesses

Socialism

This encouraged workers to take control and create a classless society putting the means of production into the hands of the people

Socialism

Inspired by Marx this principle would follow after a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat where the proletariat would gain power and create a classless society

Socialist Theory

This was adopted by the Bolsheviks in Russia with the Soviet Union following afterwards as the worlds first communist nation

Karl Marx

This philosopher developed a socialist theory with Engels in response to the changing nature of the workplace that resulted from the industrial revolution

Communist Manifesto

This described class struggle, the evils of capitalism that influenced reform movements throughout Europe and became the backbone of numerous political parties to include the Bolsheviks

Communist Manifesto

This defined class struggle as the proletariat working to make money while the bourgeoisie obtained their income from the work of the proletariat and the perception of the bourgeoisie exploiting the working class

Lenin

This Marxist who led the Bolshevik Party took control of Russia making it the worlds first communist state

Emancipation of Russian Serfs

Following the their defeat in the Crimean Wars Russian czars sought to reform society through industrialization leading to this

Serfdom

Years of social unrest and demands to end this on moral grounds Czar Alexander abolished this in 1861

Emancipated Serfs

Many of them remained on the land while others moved to cities and became the new urban workforce in Russia's push to industrialize

Bloody Sunday

This peaceful demonstration turned bloody at the Czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg when his guards opened fire on the unarmed crowd

Bloody Sunday

At this demonstration the protestors led by a priest want to present a petition to Czar Nicholas II asking for a representative assembly but instead they were killed during this

Bloody Sunday

As a result of this civil unrest broke out across the country and soviets were organized seeking to organize strikes and gain political rights

Soviets

This means local councils in Russian

Duma

In response to Bloody Sunday and the petition for representative government, the Czar responded by creating this as Russia's first parliament

Romanov's

Many lost faith in them even after stability was restored and the establishment of the Duma setting the stage for imperial rule.

Russian Revolution

In February 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne ending 300 years of Romanov Rule as a result of this

Czar Nicholas II

His abdication of the Russian throne was the result of decades of political, social, and economic unrest exacerbated by Russia's involvement of World War I

Petrograd Soviet

Meaning Revolutionary Council gained increasing influence across the nation as the provisional government of Russia struggled to maintain power

Russian Revolution

As a result of this reforms were enacted extending civil liberties such as freedom of speech to Russian citizens and promoted religious and ethnic tolerance however it failed to address the overwhelming concerns of bread, peace and land.

October Revolution

This was the second part of the Russian Revolution led by Lenin and the Bolshevik Party