Overview of Psychological and Communication Disorders

Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early.

Sleep Apnea

Repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep and daytime sleepiness.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

Uncontrollable urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations.

Narcolepsy

Excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden attacks of sleep, and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone).

Circadian Rhythm Disorders

Problems with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to difficulty sleeping at the appropriate times.

Parasomnias

Abnormal behaviors or events that occur during sleep, such as sleepwalking, sleep talking, or nightmares.

Sexual Desire Disorders

Lack of interest or desire for sexual activity.

Arousal Disorders

Difficulty achieving or maintaining sexual arousal.

Orgasm Disorders

Difficulty reaching orgasm or delayed or absent orgasm.

Pain Disorders

Pain during sexual intercourse.

Erectile Dysfunction

Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.

Premature Ejaculation

Ejaculation occurring too quickly during sexual activity.

Vaginismus

Involuntary muscle spasms in the vagina that make intercourse painful or impossible.

Paraphilia

Intense and persistent sexual interest in atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

Paraphilic Disorder

A paraphilia that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning, or that involves harm or risk of harm to others.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting people.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Sexual arousal from rubbing against or touching a non-consenting person.

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Sexual arousal from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Sexual arousal from inflicting pain or suffering on another person.

Pedophilic Disorder

Sexual arousal from prepubescent children.

Gender Identity

A person's internal sense of their own gender.

Sex Assigned at Birth

The sex assigned to a person based on their biological sex characteristics.

Gender Dysphoria

Distress caused by a mismatch between a person's gender identity and their sex assigned at birth.

Transitioning

The process of aligning one's physical appearance and social roles with their gender identity.

Gender-Affirming Care

Medical and social interventions that support a person's gender identity.

Substance Use Disorder

A pattern of substance use that leads to significant problems in a person's life.

Addiction

A chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.

Tolerance

The need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect.

Withdrawal

Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance.

Impulse Control Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by difficulty controlling urges or behaviors.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive aggression.

Kleptomania

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of stealing.

Pyromania

A disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to set fires.

Neurocognitive Disorder

A general term for a decline in mental function due to a medical disease.

Delirium

A state of confusion and altered consciousness that develops rapidly.

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

A decline in cognitive function that is not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia)

A decline in cognitive function that is severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Alzheimer's Disease

A progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss, confusion, and other cognitive problems.

Vascular Dementia

A type of dementia caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain.

Lewy Body Dementia

A type of dementia characterized by hallucinations, fluctuations in alertness, and movement problems.

Speech Disorders

These affect the production of speech sounds, fluency, or voice.

Articulation Disorders

Difficulty producing specific sounds correctly (e.g., saying 'wabbit' instead of 'rabbit').

Apraxia of Speech

Neurological disorder impacting the planning and execution of speech movements.

Fluency Disorders

Difficulty speaking smoothly and fluently (e.g., stuttering).

Resonance Disorders

Trouble producing sounds due to vocal resonance issues (e.g., sounding nasally).

Language Disorders

These affect a person's ability to understand and use language.

Expressive Language Disorders

Difficulty communicating thoughts and ideas through speech or writing.

Receptive Language Disorders

Difficulty understanding spoken language.

Pragmatic Language Disorders

Difficulty using language appropriately in social situations.

Social Communication Disorder

Difficulty with the social aspects of communication, including back-and-forth conversation and nonverbal cues.

Hearing Disorders

These involve impaired sensitivity of the auditory system.

Deafness

Hearing loss that limits aural/oral communication.

Hard of Hearing

Hearing loss that adversely affects communication but relies on auditory input.

Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)

Problems processing auditory information in the brain, not due to hearing sensitivity issues.

Feeding Disorders

These primarily affect infants and young children, often due to a combination of medical, developmental, and behavioral factors.

Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

Characterized by refusal to eat certain foods or textures, leading to inadequate weight gain and potential developmental delays.

Picky Eating

While not always a disorder, picky eating can become problematic when it significantly restricts a child's diet and impacts their health.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

A disorder characterized by a limited or selective food intake due to psychological reasons, not a distorted body image.

Eating Disorders

These are more common in adolescents and adults, and often involve a distorted body image and a preoccupation with weight and shape.

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by extreme food restriction, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted self-image.

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise).

Binge Eating Disorder

Marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging behaviors.

Pica

Involves persistent eating of non-food substances, such as dirt, paint, or ice.

Rumination Disorder

Involves repeated regurgitation of undigested or partially digested food, often without nausea or disgust.