BI 231 Pathophysiology Unit 4 Study Guide

Blood Functions

Transport O2, nutrients, waste, hormones; Immune defense (WBCs); Clotting (platelets); Regulation of pH, fluid, temperature.

RBCs (Erythrocytes)

Oxygen delivery (Hb), CO2 removal.

WBCs (Leukocytes)

Immune function (lymphocytes specific).

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Clotting, coagulation cascade.

Indices

H/H, MCV (size), MCH/MCHC (color), RDW (variation).

-osis / -ilia

Too much.

-penia / -emia

Too little.

-poiesis

To make.

Leuk-

WBC.

Lymph-

Lymphocyte.

Iron deficiency anemia

Dietary deficiency, chronic blood loss; Microcytic, hypochromic; Most common anemia.

B12 deficiency (Pernicious)

Lack of IF → poor B12 absorption; Macrocytic, normochromic; Neuropathy, Schilling test.

Folate deficiency anemia

Poor diet, alcoholism; Macrocytic, normochromic; No neurologic symptoms.

Sickle cell anemia

HbS mutation; Sickled cells; Pain crises, splenomegaly.

Thalassemia

Incomplete Hb synthesis (α or β); Microcytic, hypochromic; Genetic counseling.

Aplastic anemia

Bone marrow failure; Pancytopenia; Tx: BMT.

Hemolytic anemia

SCA, transfusion reactions, mechanical; Schistocytes; Autoimmune, malaria.

Polycythemia Vera

Myeloproliferative disorder → ↑ RBCs; ↑ viscosity → thrombosis risk; Tx: Phlebotomy.

Leukemia

Malignant clones replacing marrow cells → ↓ normal cells.

ALL

Kids; best prognosis.

AML

Adults; worst prognosis.

CLL

Most common overall.

CML

Philadelphia chromosome (t9;22).

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Reed-Sternberg cells; contiguous spread; B symptoms.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Non-contiguous, extranodal; B-cell origin common.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Ischemia → infarction: Irreversible damage after ~20 min.

STEMI vs. NSTEMI

ST elevation indicates full-thickness infarct.

Heart Failure (HF)

Left-sided (CHF): Pulmonary congestion (crackles, dyspnea); Right-sided: Systemic congestion (edema, ascites, hepatomegaly).