Midterm review for CIS 263 (ethical hacking and countermeasures)

Penetration testing is the practice of finding vulnerabilities and risks with the purpose of securing a computer or network. Penetration testing falls under which all-encompassing term?

Ethical hacking: is an all-encompassing term that includes all hacking methods, so penetration testing is a part of ethical hacking.

Heather is performing a penetration test. She has gathered a lot of valuable information about her target already. Heather has used some hacking tools to determine that, on her target network, a computer named Production Workstation has port 445 open. Which step in the ethical hacking methodology is Heather performing?

Scanning and enumeration

Scanning is the second phase in the ethical hacking methodology. The hacker uses various tools to gather in-depth information about the network, computer systems, live systems, open ports, and more. Extracting information such as usernames, computer names, network resources, shares, and services is known as enumeration. Enumeration is a part of the Scanning step.

Which of the following is the third step in the ethical hacking methodology?

gain access

Gaining access is the third phase in the ethical hacking methodology. In this phase, the hacker uses all the information gathered through reconnaissance and scanning and then exploits vulnerabilities to gain access.

Miguel is performing a penetration test on his client's web-based application. Which penetration test frameworks should Miguel utilize?

OWASP

The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) describes techniques for testing the most common web application and web service security issues.

The penetration testing life cycle is a common methodology used when performing a penetration test. This methodology is almost identical to the ethical hacking methodology. Which of the following is the key difference between these methodologies?

Reporting

The only difference between the penetration testing life cycle and ethical hacking methodology is the focus on the documentation of the penetration test. A detailed report of the tests performed and everything that was discovered is important to a penetration test.

Reconnaissance, gaining access, and maintaining access are all steps in both methodologies.

You are executing an attack in order to simulate an outside attack. Which type of penetration test are you performing?

Black box

In a black box test, the ethical hacker has no information regarding the target or network. This type of test best simulates an outside attack and ignores insider threats.

Which of the following best describes a gray box penetration test?

The ethical hacker has partial information about the target or network.

In a gray box penetration test, the ethical hacker is given partial information about the target or network, such as IP configurations and email lists. This test simulates an insider threat.

Randy was just hired as a penetration tester for the red team. Which of the following best describes the red team?

Performs offensive security tasks to test the network's security.

The red team is made up of offensive security specialists that constantly work against the blue team to test the organization's security stance.

The Stuxnet worm was discovered in 2010 and was used to gain sensitive information on Iran's industrial infrastructure. This worm was probably active for about five years before being discovered. During this time, the attacker had access to the target. Which type of attack was Stuxnet?

APT

An APT (advanced persistent threat) is a stealthy attack that gains access to a network or computer system and remains hidden for an extended period of time.

Which type of threat actor only uses skills and knowledge for defensive purposes?

White hat

A white hat is a skilled hacker who uses their skills and knowledge for defensive purposes only. Many organizations and companies now employ these security analysts, who understand the hacker's mindset.

Which statement best describes a suicide hacker?

This hacker is only concerned with taking down their target for a cause. They have no concerns about being caught.

Miguel has been practicing his hacking skills. He has discovered a vulnerability on a system that he did not have permission to attack. Once Miguel discovered the vulnerability, he anonymously alerted the owner and instructed him how to secure the system. What type of hacker is Miguel in this scenario?

Gray Hat

A gray hat hacker falls in the middle of the white hat and black hat hackers. The gray hat may cross ethical lines, but usually has good intentions and isn't being malicious like a black hat hacker.

The process of analyzing an organization's security and determining its security holes is known as:

threat modeling

Threat modeling is the process of analyzing an organization's security and determining its security holes. Once a threat model is put together, the organization can begin securing its systems and data.

Which of the following documents details exactly what can be tested during a penetration test?

Scope of Work

The scope of work is a very detailed document that defines exactly what software, and hardware, test types, and facility features are going to be included in the penetration test. This document is also referred to as the statement of work.

After performing a risk assessment, an organization must decide what areas of operation can be included in a penetration test and what areas cannot be included. Which of the following describes the process?

Tolerance

After a risk assessment is performed and vulnerable areas identified, the organization needs to decide their tolerance level for performing a penetration test. Areas of risk that can be tolerated need to be placed in the scope of work, whereas those critical areas may need to be place out of scope, or off-limits.

You are performing a penetration test of a local area network (LAN). Refer to the circled area on the network diagram. network. Which of the following types of penetration tests is being performed?

Internal

An internal test will focus on any systems that logically resides behind the firewall. These can be off-site or on-site.

Miguel is performing a penetration test on a web server. Miguel was given only the server's IP address and name. Which of the following best describes the type of penetration test Miguel is performing?

External

An external test focuses on any publicly facing system, such as a web server that resides in the DMZ.

Which of the following elements is generally considered the weakest link in an organization's security?

Human

It is commonly accepted that the weakest link in any security model is the human element. If included in the scope of work, social engineering techniques can be used to test the people in an organization

Which of the following best describes social engineering?

The art of deceiving and manipulating others into doing what you want.

Social engineering is the art of deceiving and manipulating others into doing what you want. Social engineering techniques can occur during in-person interactions. For example, a social engineer may dress as pest control professional to gain access to a building.

Which of the following is considered a mission-critical application?

Medical database

Some applications are considered mission-critical and need to be off-limits to avoid any down time. This can include financial processing, medical databases, or other sensitive applications.

None of the other application types would be considered mission-critical.

What does an organization do to identify areas of vulnerability within their network and security systems?

Risk Assessment

The purpose of a risk assessment is to identify areas of vulnerability within the organization's network. The risk assessment should look at all areas, including high value data, network systems, web applications, online information, and physical security, including operating systems and web servers. This is done before beginning a penetration test.

During a risk assessment, the organization determines that the risk of collecting personal data from its customers is not acceptable and stops. What method of dealing with risk is the organization using?

Avoidance

When you identify a risk you can avoid, you should avoid it. This action is called risk avoidance.

The following formula defines which method of dealing with risk?

Cost of Risk > Damage = Risk _________

Acceptance

Risk acceptance occurs when the organization determines that the cost and effort to mitigate a risk outweighs the risk's potential damage, so they simply accept the risk.

Which of the following is a consideration when scheduling a penetration test?

who is aware of the test?

The rules of engagement must specify who is aware of the penetration test and its time frame. The less people who know, the more realistic the test will be.

A client asking for small deviations from the scope of work is called:

scope creep

In project management, one of the most dangerous things to look out for is scope creep. This is when the client begins asking for small deviations from the scope of work. This can cause the project to go off track and increase the time and resources needed to complete it.

Heather is in the middle of performing a penetration test when her client asks her to also check the security of an additional server. Which of the following documents does she need to submit before performing the additional task?

change order

When a change to the scope of work is requested, a change order should be filled out and agreed on. Once this is done, the additional tasks can be completed.

Which of the following is a deviation from standard operating security protocols?

Security exception

A security exception is any deviation from standard operating security protocols. It should be determined if you will be put on a whitelist or blacklist for the test on any IPS, Firewall, or other network access control systems.

Miguel is performing a penetration test. His client needs to add Miguel's computer to the list of devices allowed to connect to the network. What type of security exception is this?

Whitelisting

If a device is whitelisted, then traffic coming from it will be allowed through the IPS, Firewall, or network access control system.

Which type of penetration test is required to ensure an organization is following federal laws and regulations?

Compliance-based

Compliance-based penetration tests are required to ensure an organization follows federal laws and regulations.

Which of the following defines the security standards for any organization that handles cardholder information for any type of payment card?

PCI DSS

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS) defines the security standards for any organization that handles cardholder information for debit cards, credit cards, prepaid cards, and any other type of payment cards.

Michael is performing a penetration test for a hospital. Which federal regulation does Michael need to ensure he follows?

HIPAA

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) was created as health records and data started being stored electronically. Its goal is to create a set of standards that would ensure this information is kept safe and is only shared with the patient and medical professionals that need it.

Charles found a song he wrote being used without his permission in a video on YouTube. Which law will help him protect his work?

DMCA

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was enacted in 1998 to protect copyrighted works.

Which of the following best describes what FISMA does?

Defines how federal government data, operations, and assets are handled.

The Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) was signed into law in 2002 and defines how federal government data, operations, and assets are handled.

Which of the following best describes what SOX does?

Implements accounting and disclosure requirements that increase transparency.

The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted in 2002 with the goal of implementing accounting and disclosure requirements that would increase transparency in corporate governance and financial reporting and formalize a system of internal checks and balances.

Which of the following is a limitation of relying on regulations?

They rely heavily on password policies

One of the drawbacks to many federal regulations is that they rely heavily on password policies, which are often outdated.

Which of the following best describes a goal-based penetration test?

Focuses on the end results. The hacker determines the methods.

A goal-based penetration test focuses on end results. The goals are specific, but the methods for reaching them are determined by the hacker himself.

A goal-based penetration test needs to have specific goals. Using SMART goals is extremely useful for this. What does SMART stand for?

Specific/Measurable/Attainable/Relevant/Timely

SMART goals are very useful when establishing and defining the goals of a penetration test. SMART goals help create goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely (or time-bound).

Which document explains the details of an objective-based test?

scope of work

The scope of work is a very detailed document that defines exactly what is going to be included in a penetration test. This document is also referred to as the statement of work.

Which of the following best describes a supply chain?

A company provides materials to another company to manufacture a product

A supply chain is set up when materials from one company are needed from another to manufacture a product.

Heather has been hired to work in a firm's cybersecurity division. Her role will include performing both offensive and defensive tasks. Which of the following roles applies to Heather?

A member of the purple team

The purple team is a mix of red and blue team members. They basically act as a pipeline between the two teams and can work on either side.

ABC company is in the process of merging with XYZ company. As part of the merger, a penetration test has been recommended. Testing the network systems, physical security, and data security have all been included in the scope of work. What else should be included in the scope of work?

Company culture

During the premerger, areas such as physical security, data security, company culture, and network systems need to be tested. A penetration test during this phase can help identify shortcomings and large differences that if left unattended could lead to disastrous results after the merger or acquisition.

Hannah is working on the scope of work with her client. During the planning, she discovers that some of the servers are cloud-based servers. Which of the following should she do?

add the cloud host to the scope of work

Since Hannah is in the planning stage, she will need to add the cloud host to the scope of work. Cloud-based systems require some extra steps before penetration testing can begin. The issue is that the systems aren't owned by the client, but by the cloud hosting provider. An organization might be required to conduct penetration tests to meet regulations. But, in this case, the cloud provider must also authorize the penetration test and will need to be involved and approve the scope of work.

During an authorized penetration test, Michael discovered his client's financial records. Which of the following should he do?

Ignore the records and move on

During a penetration test, the ethical hacker will run across or gain access to highly sensitive data. This could include clients' financial information, customer data, passwords, and more. In this situation, the hacker is expected to keep this information confidential and not view any more than is necessary for reporting purposes.

During a penetration test, Heidi runs into an ethical situation she's never faced before and is unsure how to proceed. Which of the following should she do?

Reach out to an attorney for legal advice.

Whenever a penetration tester is unsure of how to proceed with a situation, a lawyer should be contacted to make sure no laws are broken.

Whenever a penetration tester is unsure of how to proceed with a situation, a lawyer should be contacted to make sure no laws are broken.

Corporate policies

Corporate policies are the rules and regulations that are defined and put in place by an organization. As part of the risk assessment and penetration test, these policies should be reviewed and tested.

Which of the following is a common corporate policy that would be reviewed during a penetration test?

Password policy

The password policy will usually state how many and what types of characters a password should contain. The policy will also state when the password can be changed.

Which of the following policies would cover what you should do in case of a data breach?

Sensitive data handling policy

The policy for handling sensitive data should detail who has access to data, how data is secured, and what to do if an unauthorized person gains access to the data.

Yesenia was recently terminated from her position, where she was using her personal cell phone for business purposes. Upon termination, her phone was remotely wiped. Which of the following corporate policies allows this action?

BYOD policy

The BYOD policy must define the level of access employees have to company hardware and data and state clearly what happens on termination of employment. Usually, when an employee leaves the company, the device can be remotely wiped, and the employee needs to understand that they are giving the organization rights and access to do this.

During a penetration test, Mitch discovers child pornography on a client's computer. Which of the following actions should he take?

Immediately stop the test and report the finding to the authorities.

If, during the scope of the penetration test, the hacker discovers evidence of illegal activity, they are legally obligated to report the evidence to the appropriate authorities.

Heather is working for a cybersecurity firm based in Florida. She will be conducting a remote penetration test for her client, who is based in Utah. Which state's laws and regulations will she need to adhere to?

A lawyer should be consulted on which laws to adhere to and both parties agree.

The laws that govern computer usage and hacking can vary from state to state. When this occurs, the penetration tester and the organization need to agree on which set of laws they will adhere to. Whenever there are any questions or concerns regarding laws and regulations, a lawyer should be consulted.

United States Code Title 18, Chapter 47, Section 1029 deals with which of the following?

Fraud and related activity involving access devices.

Section 1029 refers to fraud and related activity involving access devices. An access device is defined as any application or hardware that is created specifically to generate any type of access credentials.

Section 1029 refers to fraud and related activity involving access devices. An access device is defined as any application or hardware that is created specifically to generate any type of access credentials.

An agreement between 41 countries to enforce similar export controls for weapons, including intrusion software.

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies is an agreement between 41 countries that generally hold similar views on human rights. The arrangement encourages the participating countries to hold similar export controls on weapons, including banning some and requiring licensing for others. This also includes intrusion software.

Which of the following best describes the rules of engagement document?

Which of the following best describes the rules of engagement document?

The rules of engagement define if the test will be a white box, gray box, or black box test. It should also explicitly state how to handle sensitive data and outline a process for communicating with the IT department about any issues that may arise during the test.

Which of the following best describes a master service agreement?

A contract where parties agree to the terms that will govern future actions.

The master service agreement is a contract where parties agree to the terms that will govern future actions. This makes future services and contracts much easier to handle and define.

The master service agreement is a contract where parties agree to the terms that will govern future actions. This makes future services and contracts much easier to handle and define.

A common legal contract outlining confidential material that will be shared during the assessment.

A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) is a common legal contract that outlines confidential material or information that will be shared during the assessment and what restrictions are placed on it. This contract basically states that anything the tester finds cannot be shared except with the people specified in the document.

During a penetration test, Dylan is caught testing the physical security. Which document should Dylan have on his person to avoid being arrested?

Permission to test

Social engineers are master manipulators. Which of the following are tactics they might use?

Moral obligation, ignorance, and threatening

Social engineers are master manipulators. Some of the most popular tactics they use are moral obligation, innate human trust, threatening, an easy reward, and ignorance.

Which of the following best describes a script kiddie?

A hacker who uses scripts written by much more talented individuals.

Any attack involving human interaction of some kind is referred to as:

Social Engineering

Social engineering refers to any attack involving human interaction of some kind. Attackers who use social engineering try to convince a victim to perform actions or give out information they wouldn't under normal circumstances.

Using a fictitious scenario to persuade someone to perform an action or give information they aren't authorized to share is called:

Pretexting

Pretexting is using a fictitious scenario to persuade someone to perform an action or give information they aren't authorized to share.

Ron, a hacker, wants to get access to a prestigious law firm he has been watching for a while. June, an administrative assistant at the law firm, is having lunch at the food court around the corner from her office. Ron notices that June has a picture of a dog on her phone. He casually walks by and starts a conversation about dogs. Which phase of the social engineering process is Ron in?

Development phase

The development phase involves two parts: selecting individual targets within a company and forming a relationship with those individuals.

You are instant messaging a coworker, and you get a malicious link. Which type of social engineering attack is this?

spim

Spim is a malicious link sent to the target over instant messaging.

Brandon is helping Fred with his computer. He needs Fred to enter his username and password into the system. Fred enters the username and password while Brandon is watching him. Brandon explains to Fred that it is not a good idea to allow anyone to watch you type in usernames or passwords. Which type of social engineering attack is Fred referring to?

shoulder surfing

Shoulder surfing involves looking over someone's shoulder while they work on a computer to see usernames, passwords, or account numbers.

Which of the following best describes an inside attacker?

an unintentional threat actor; the most common threat

An insider could be a customer, a janitor, or even a security guard, but most of the time, it's an employee. Employees pose one of the biggest threats to any organization. An unintentional threat actor is the most common insider threat.

Compliments, misinformation, feigning ignorance, and being a good listener are tactics of which social engineering technique?

elicitation

Elicitation is a technique that aims to extract information from a target without arousing suspicion. Some of the elicitation tactics are giving compliments, delivering misinformation, feigning ignorance, and being a good listener.

You get a call from one of your best customers. The customer is asking about your company's employees, teams, and managers. What should you do?

You should not provide any information and forward the call to the help desk.

Every employee in the company should be taught that if somebody calls them and claims to be someone who needs employee information, especially usernames and passwords, they should forward that call to the help desk.

Jason is at home, attempting to access the website for his music store. When he goes to the website, it has a simple form asking for name, email, and phone number. This is not the music store website. Jason is sure the website has been hacked. How did the attacker accomplish this hack?

DNS cache poisoning

In DNS cache poisoning, the attacker launches the attack on the chosen DNS server. Then, the attacker changes a target website's IP address to a fake website. When the user enters the target website's URL, the DNS server redirects them to the fake IP address modified by the attacker and then to a fake website controlled by the attacker.

An attack that targets senior executives and high-profile victims is referred to as:

Whaling

Whaling is another form of phishing that targets senior executives and high-profile victims.

You are a security consultant and have been hired to evaluate an organization's physical security practices. All employees must pass through a locked door to enter the main work area. Access is restricted using a biometric fingerprint lock.

A receptionist is located next to the locked door in the reception area. She uses an iPad application to log any security events that may occur. She also uses her iPad to complete work tasks as assigned by the organization's CEO.

What could you do to add an additional layer of security to this organization?

Train the receptionist to keep her ipad in a locked drawer

In this scenario, the best option to add an additional layer of security is to train the receptionist to keep her iPad in a locked drawer.

While reviewing video files from your organization's security cameras, you notice a suspicious person using piggybacking to gain access to your building. The individual in question did not have a security badge.

Which of the following would you most likely implement to keep this from happening in the future?

Mantraps

You could implement mantraps at each entrance to the facility to mitigate piggybacking. A mantrap is a specialized entrance with two doors that creates a security buffer zone between two areas. Once a person enters into the space between the doors, both doors are locked. To enter the facility, authentication must be provided. If authentication is not provided, the intruder is kept in the mantrap until authorities arrive.

Implementing emergency lighting that runs on protected power and automatically switches on when the main power goes off is part of which physical control?

Employee and visitor safety

As you implement physical security, be sure to keep the safety of employees and visitors in mind. Consider the importance of the following actions:

Implement adequate lighting in parking lots and around employee entrances.

Implement emergency lighting that runs on protected power and automatically switches on when the main power goes off.

Implement fail-open locking systems that allow employees to exit your facility quickly in the event of an emergency.

Devise escape plans that utilize the best escape routes for each area in your organization. Post these escape plans in prominent locations.

Conduct emergency drills to verify that the physical safety and security measures you have implemented function correctly.

You can implement physical access controls inside the facility as follows:

Physical controls may include key fobs, swipe cards, or badges.

Physical controls may include biometric factors such as fingerprint scanners, retinal scanners, iris scanners, voice recognition, and facial recognition.

To control access to sensitive areas within the facility, require a card swipe or reader.

Some systems can track personnel movement within a facility and proactively lock or unlock doors based on the access token device.

An anti-passback system prevents a card holder from passing a card back to someone else.

Physical controls are often implemented along with sensors and alarms to detect unauthorized access.

Closed-circuit television can be used as both a preventative tool (to monitor live events) or as an investigative tool (to record events for later playback). Which camera is more vandal-resistant than other cameras?

A dome camera

A dome camera, which is a camera protected with a plastic or glass dome, is more vandal-resistant than other cameras.

A dome camera, which is a camera protected with a plastic or glass dome, is more vandal-resistant than other cameras.

Preventing interruptions of computer services caused by problems such as fire.

Important aspects of physical security include:

Restricting physical access to facilities and computer systems.

Preventing interruptions of computer services caused by problems such as loss of power or fire.

Preventing unauthorized disclosure of information.

Disposing of sensitive material.

Protecting the interior and exterior of your facility.

What are the three factors to keep in mind with physical security?

Prevention, detection, and recovery

There are three factors to keep in mind with physical security:

Prevention is making the location less appealing to hackers.

Detection is identifying what was broken into, what is missing, and the extent of the damage.

Recovery is reviewing the physical security procedures, repairing any damage, and hardening the physical security of the company against future problems.

There are three factors to keep in mind with physical security:

Prevention is making the location less appealing to hackers.

Detection is identifying what was broken into, what is missing, and the extent of the damage.

Recovery is reviewing the physical security procedures, repairing any damage, and hardening the physical security of the company against future problems.

security sequence

The security sequence area of physical security should be deployed in the following sequence. If a step in the sequence fails, the next step should implement itself automatically.

Deter initial access attempts.

Deny direct physical access.

Detect the intrusion.

Delay the violator to allow for response.

When designing physical security, implement a layered defense system. A layered defense system is one in which controls are implemented at each layer to ensure that defeating one level of security does not allow an attacker subsequent access.

Which of the following best describes a lock shim?

A thin, stiff piece of metal.

A lock shim is a tool that is, basically, a thin, stiff piece of metal that can be inserted into the latch of a padlock.

On her way to work, Angela accidentally left her backpack with a company laptop at the coffee shop. What type of threat has she caused the company?

man-made threat

Human threats can be outsiders or insiders, so it can be tricky to safeguard against them all. Man-made threats include:

Theft

Vandalism

Destruction

The U.S. Department of Commerce has an agency with the goal of protecting organizational operations, assets, and individuals from threats such as malicious cyber-attacks, natural disasters, structural failures, and human errors. Which of the following agencies was created for this purpose?

NIST

To protect data from threats and attacks, the U.S. Department of Commerce created the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST has released a special publication referred to as the NIST SP 800-53, which details security controls and assessment procedures that companies and organizations should implement to protect the integrity of their information systems. This document's goal is to protect organizational operations, assets, and individuals from many different kinds of threats, such as malicious cyberattacks, natural disasters, structural failures, and human errors.

Which type of attack involves changing the boot order on a PC so that the hacker can gain access to the computer by bypassing the install operating system?

physical attack

Physical security is the protection of corporate assets including property, facilities, equipment, and personnel from damage, theft, or harm. Physical attacks include items such as cold boot attacks, badge cloning, and BIOS access attacks.

You have implemented a regular backup schedule for a Windows system, backing up data files every night and creating a system image backup once per week. For security reasons, your company has decided not to store a redundant copy of the backup media at an off-site location. Which of the following would be the best backup and storage option?

Use incremental backups and store them in a locked fireproof safe.

Incremental backups back up every file that's changed since the last full or incremental backup. If you can't store backups at an off-site location, you should make sure that the backups are locked up and that measures are taken to protect the backups from a disaster.

You are in the process of implementing policies and procedures that require employee identification. You observe employees holding a secure door for others to pass through. Which of the following training sessions should you implement to help prevent this in the future?

How to prevent piggybacking and tailgating.

Piggybacking implies that the person who has opened the door with their credentials knows that others are following them in through the secure door

You have a set of DVD-RW discs that were used to archive files from your latest project. You need to prevent the sensitive information on the discs from being compromised. Which of the following methods should you use to destroy the data?

shred the discs

To completely prevent reading data from discs, destroy them using a DVD shredder or crushing

Which of the following best describes a physical barrier used to deter an aggressive intruder?

Large flowerpots

Just as ID badges are an easy way to identify people, bollards are an easy physical barrier to deter aggressive intruders. Bollards can be small straight concrete pillars, flat barricades, ball shaped pieces of concrete, large flowerpots, or even cement picnic tables. The idea is to prevent attackers from forcing themselves in by driving through an exterior wall or door

Joe, a bookkeeper, works in a cubicle environment and is often called away from his desk. Joe doesn't want to sign out of his computer each time he leaves. Which of the following is the best solutions for securing Joe's workstation?

Configure the screen saver to require a password.

The best solution is to configure the screen saver or screen lock to be applied after a short period of nonuse and to require a password to return to the desktop.

When a penetration tester starts gathering details about employees, vendors, business processes, and physical security, which phase of testing are they in?

Reconnaissance

During the reconnaissance phase, you gather information about a company. In addition to technical information, you'll want to gather details about employees, vendors, business processes, and physical security.

Which of the following elements of penetration testing includes the use of web surfing, social engineering, dumpster diving, and social networking?

Information gathering techniques

During the reconnaissance phase, you gather information by reading a company's website, getting to know their employees, or dumpster diving.

MinJu, a penetration tester, is testing a client's security. She notices that every Wednesday, a few employees go to a nearby bar for happy hour. She goes to the bar and starts befriending one of the employees with the intention of learning the employee's personal information. Which information gathering technique is MinJu using?

Social engineering

Social engineering is an attempt to get to know a company's employees or vendors. After-work social gatherings can provide important tidbits of information about an employee and about a company, especially its weaknesses.

A penetration tester is trying to extract employee information during the reconnaissance phase. What kinds of data is the tester collecting about the employees?

Contact names, phone numbers, email addresses, fax numbers, and addresses

During the reconnaissance phase, you gather information about a company. For employee information, the penetration tester collects contact names, phone numbers, email addresses, fax numbers, and addresses for any individuals associated with the target company.

Which of the following is the difference between an ethical hacker and a criminal hacker?

An ethical hacker has permission to hack a system, and a criminal hacker doesn't have permission.

The difference between an ethical hacker and a criminal hacker is that an ethical hacker always obtains permission to hack a system.

Whois, Nslookup, and ARIN are all examples of:

Network footprinting tools

Website and email footprinting can provide details on information flow, operating systems, filenames, and network connections. Whois, nslookup, and ARIN are examples of footprinting tools.

Iggy, a penetration tester, is conducting a black box penetration test. He wants to do reconnaissance by gathering information about ownership, IP addresses, domain name, locations, and server types. Which of the following tools would be most helpful?

Whois

Whois is a utility used to gain information about a target network. It can gather information about ownership, IP addresses, domain name, location, server type, and the date the site was created.

What does the Google Search operator allinurl:keywords do?

Shows results in pages that contain all of the listed keywords.

allinurl:keywords shows results in pages that contain all of the listed keywords.

index of /keyword displays websites where directory browsing has been enabled.

intitle:keyword shows results in pages that contain the keyword in the title.

related:website displays websites similar to the one listed.

What's the name of the open-source forensics tool that can be used to pull information from social media postings and find relationships between companies, people, email addresses, and other information?

maltego

Maltego is an open-source forensics tool that can be used to pull information from social media postings and find relationships between companies, people, email addresses, and other information.

Xavier is doing reconnaissance. He is gathering information about a company and its employees by going through their social media content. Xavier is using a tool that pulls information from social media postings that were made using location services. What is the name of this tool?

Echosec

Echosec is a tool that can be used to pull information from social media postings that were made using location services.

You are in the reconnaissance phase at the XYZ company. You want to use nmap to scan for open ports and use a parameter to scan the 1,000 most common ports. Which nmap command would you use?

nmap -sS xyzcompany.com

-sS TCP SYN port scan (default) scans the 1,000 most common ports.

-sV attempts to determine the version of the service running on port.

-sT TCP connects a port scan (default without root privilege).

-sA executes a TCP ACK port scan.

You have found the IP address of a host to be 172.125.68.30. You want to see what other hosts are available on the network. Which of the following nmap commands would you enter to do a ping sweep?

nmap -sn 172.125.68. 1-255

The nmap -sn command is used to disable port scanning. The command nmap -sn 172.125.8. 1-225 will scan a range of ip addresses without listing the ports.

The nmap -sS command is used for a TCP SYN port scan (default).

The nmap -sU command is used for UDP port scans.

The nmap -sM command is used for TCP Maimon port scans.

Which of the following services is most targeted during the reconnaissance phase of a hacking attack?

DNS

The DNS service is one of the most popular internet services targeted during the reconnaissance phase.

Dan wants to implement reconnaissance countermeasures to help protect his DNS service. Which of the following actions should he take?

Install patches against known vulnerabilities and clean up out-of-date zones, files, users, and groups.

Installing patches against known vulnerabilities and cleaning up out-of-date zones, files, users, and groups are good DNS reconnaissance countermeasures.

Julie configures two DNS servers, one internal and one external, with authoritative zones for the corpnet.xyz domain. One DNS server directs external clients to an external server. The other DNS server directs internal clients to an internal server. Which of the following DNS countermeasures is she implementing?

Split DNS

A split DNS is implemented with two DNS servers configured to be authoritative for the same domain, one on the external network and one on the internal network.

Which of the following information sharing policies addresses the sharing of critical information in press releases, annual reports, product catalogs, and marketing materials?

A printed materials policy

A printed material information sharing policy would limit the sharing of critical information in press releases, annual reports, product catalogs, and marketing materials.