integumentary quiz 2

what does the prefix pan- mean

all

what does the prefix myc/o mean

fungus

what does the prefix path- mean

disease

what does the prefix aer/o mean

air, gas

what does the prefix tox/o mean

poison

what does the prefix py/o mean

pus

what does the suffix -cide mean

kill, destroy

what is an epidemic

people in a certain area develop the same disease at the same time

• with more cases than usual

  • ex) smallpox, polio

what is a pandemic

a disease is common in an entire continent or the world

• typically spread person-to-person in 1 other region that originally reported

• ex)bubonic plague, AIDS

what is an endemic

a disease is common to a particular area

• ex) malaria

what is a local infection

an infection restricted to a small area of the body

• ex) a cut has become swollen & red

what is a general (systemic) infection

the infection affects the whole body (usually spread by blood)

• ex) cold, flu

what is an opportunistic infection

the infection occurs after the host has become weakened by a disease

• ex) AIDS develops pneumonia

what are some characteristics of pathogens

• disease-causing organisms

• can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, worms, & prions

what is bacteria

they’re single-celled organisms

• don’t have a nucleus

• found anywhere

• some produce spores (to survive dry conditions)

• some produce harmful toxins

  • ex) botulism is caused by the toxin clostridium botulinum

what is a virus

it’s not a cellular organism

• has a protein coat that surrounds genetic information

• they’re responsible for:

  • common cold, polio, flu, mononucleosis, mumps, AIDS, plantar warts, etc

what is fungi

can be single-celled or multi-celled

• ex) athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infection

what is a protozoa

a single-celled organism (larger than bacteria)

• found in soil, water, & moist areas

• examples of this type of infection are:

  • African sleeping sickness, beaver fever, malaria

what are prions

small protein structures that lack any DNA

• found in soil, water, & moist areas

• an example of a disease that can be caused by this type of infection is:

  • Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease

what are parasitic worms

they’re multicellular organisms

• ex) tapeworms

  • live in the intestines & release eggs through the digestive system

what’s are single-celled organisms

consist of only one cell, performing all necessary functions for survival independently

• ex) protozoa, bacteria

what’s are multicellular organisms

composed of multiple cells organized into specialized structures, each performing specific functions

• ex) parasitic worms, fungi (sometimes)

what is normal flora

the population of microorganisms that normally grow in our bodies

• beneficial as they prevent growth of harmful organisms

what is a host

the living organism that the parasite (pathogen) lives on

what are vectors

an insect/animal that introduces an infectious organism into the body

what are carriers

individuals infected by a pathogen

• may not show signs of the disease & unknowingly pass it on

what is the chain of infection

a model used to understand the infection process

• each link must be present in order for an infection to occur

• the spread of infection can be prevented if the links are broken

what is virulence for a pathogen

a pathogens ability to grow & multiply

what is invasiveness for a pathogen

a pathogens ability to enter tissue

on the chain of infection, what are infectious agents

pathogenic organisms with the ability to cause disease

• likelihood of an infection depends on the pathogens virulence and invasiveness

on the chain of infection, what are reservoirs

the place where pathogens can thrive and reproduce

• ex) humans, animals, doorknobs

on the chain of infection, what is the portal of exit

the place of exit for pathogens to leave the reservoir

• examples:

  • nose/mouth when coughing/sneezing

  • through feces or blood

on the chain of infection, what is the means of transportation

the method of transfer by which the pathogen moves or is carried from one place to another

• examples:

  • person-to-person DIRECT contact

  • person-to-person INDIRECT contact

  • vector-borne

  • fecal-oral (wash ur nasty hands)

on the chain of infection, what is the portal of entry

openings that allow pathogens to enter the host

• examples:

  • body orifices (nostrils, mouth, etc)

on the chain of infection, what is a susceptible host

someone who cannot resist a pathogen from invading the body, allowing it to multiply (resulting in infection)

• they lack immunity to overcome the pathogens invasion

what is the person-to-person DIRECT contact way that infection spreads

it requires physical contact between an infected person, and someone uninfected

• this type of pathogen has a limited ability to survive outside a host

• examples:

  • coughing/sneezing on someone

  • sexual contact, kissing, etc

what is the person-to-person INDIRECT contact way that infection spreads

when an uninfected person touches a contaminated surface

• this type of pathogen can survive outside a host for an extended time

• examples:

  • e. coli

what is the vector-borne infection way that infection spreads

animals (vectors) that are capable of transmitting disease, usually through biting

• they increase the transmission range of a disease due to their mobility

what is the fecal-oral transmission way that infection spreads

pathogens that infect the digestive system as they’re ingested through eating/drinking

• the pathogens exit the body through feces

• can be caused by inadequate hand-washing

how can the infectious agent chain-link be broken

• diagnosis & treatment

how can the reservoir chain-link be broken

• isolating infected individuals

• disinfecting contaminated surfaces

how can the portal of exit chain-link be broken

• covering cough/sneezes

how can the means of transmission chain-link be broken

• proper hand-hygiene

• wearing masks

how can the portal of entry chain-link be broken

• proper care for open wounds

• personal hygiene

how can the susceptible host chain-link be broken

• immunizations/vaccines

what is the cocci bacteria

• cells are round

• ex) staphylococcus, streptococcus

what is the bacilli bacteria

• cells are rod-shaped

• ex) salmonella

what is the curved rod bacteria

• cells with curved or twisted rod-like shapes

what are the differences between bacteria & viruses

• both will make you sick with similar symptoms

• antibiotics will do NOTHING for viral infections

what are bacterial infections

• usually lasts longer than 2 weeks

• a high, persistent temperature

• a thick, coloured discharge from the nose

• chronic cough

what is the cause of the common cold

caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

• spread through:

  • contaminated surfaces

  • air borne (coughing/sneezing)

what are some myths about the common cold

• being out in the cold doesn’t cause the cold

• cold medication doesn’t cure the cold, only alleviates the symptoms

what are some significant events in history of infectious diseases

• The Black Death through Europe (1300s)

• HIV/AIDS Epidemic worldwide (1980s)

Identify a historical pandemic and its associated pathogen

Spanish Influenza

• pathogen: H1N1 influenza virus

what are disease-transmitting agents

pathogens

what does the prevalence of diseases mean

the number of existing cases of a particular disease within a defined population

• ex) epidemic, pandemic, endemic, etc

what infectious agents/organism is associated with thrush

associated with fungi

what infectious agents/organism is associated with strep throat

associated with bacteria

what infectious agents/organism is associated with malaria

associated with protozoa

what infectious agents/organism is associated with the flu

associated with virus