Male Reproductive System

the cell cycle includes __________ and ______ _______

interphase; cell division

the three main subphases of interphase are

G1; S; G2

g1= ______ subphase; S= _________ subphase; g2= __________ for division subphase

growth; synthesis; preparation

mitosis does not occur in most mature cells of ________ tissue, ______ muscle, and _______ muscle

nervous; skeletal; cardiac

the reproductive system provides ________ responsible to sustain reproduction in humans

hormones

XY

boys

XX

girls

the secondary sex organs help the primary organs to do their _____

job

secondary sex characteristics develop at _______

puberty

secondary sex characteristics play a role in _______ (facial hair, breasts, voice tone)

attraction

our cells contains __ pairs of chromosomes

23

there are ___ pairs of autosome chromosomes and __ pair of sex chromosomes

22; 1

males produce __% Y carrying sperm and _% X carrying

50; 50

all eggs carry the __ chromosome

X

sex determination is predicted that:

• ________ in the male reproductive tract

• ________ in the female reproductive tract

androgens; estrogen

________ levels increase in pregnancy leading to feminizing effect on all _______

estrogen; fetuses

there are two ducts of sexual development in mom _________ and __________

mesonephric; paramesonephric

Mesonephric (develop into ____, degenerate in _______)

male; female

Paramesonephric (develop into ______, degenerate in _____, “Mullerian”)

female; male

androgen insensitivity syndrome is when the _______ internal yet they secrete ________

Testes; testosterone

during androgen insensitivity syndrome _______ dont work

receptors

Sexual distinction as fetus - starts at __ weeks, but finished around __-__ weeks

9; 10-12

the scrotum is homologous to the

labia major

Male organ system dormant until __-__ yrs

10-12

Puberty - beginning of ______ secretion to first viable sperm ejaculate @ __ yrs old

hormone; 12

Adolescence - puberty until get to full adult ____ (1st menstrual period or ejaculation of viable sperm)

height

Testes dormant until ______ – then to adulthood

puberty

reproductive function regulated by hormonal links between the _______, _______ gland & _____

hypothalamus; pituitary; gonads

Left testicle descends lower than Right testicle so as to not _____ against each other

compress

External portion is __ in. long when flaccid

4

the corpora cavernose fills with ______ during arousal = causing ______

blood; erection

the scrotum is Divided into 2 compartments by internal _____ _______

median septum

the function of the median septum is that it Protects against spread of _______

infection

Importance of Pampiniform plexus = veins ascending near ________ artery

testicular

Countercurrent heat exchanger cools ______ blood entering the _____

arterial; testis

POWER REASON FOR TESTES: Testicular thermoregulation is necessary since ______ are not produced at core body temperature

sperm

testicular nerves are mixed _______ and _______ (para/symp)

sensory; motor

testicular nerves have sensory for ____; and motor for ______ ______

pain; blood flow

Between tubules are _______ cells = make _______

Interstitial; testosterone

Seminiferous tubules drain into network = ____ _____ - collects sperm from seminiferous tubules

rete testis

Low BP of testicular artery results in poor __ supply

O2

Sperm develop very large ________ = help ______ hypoxic female repro tract

mitochondria; survive

Without pampiniform plexus =warm _____ blood would heat _____ & inhibit _____ production

arterial; testis; sperm

Germ cells =

baby sperm

sustentacular cells Secrete _____ hormone that regulates rate of ______ production

inhibin; sperm

High sperm production→ High _____→ Low ____

inhibin; FSH

sustentacular cells Monitor _____ ______ ______ (BTB)

blood testis barrier

Interstitial cells = make __________

testosterone

the blood testis barrier is Formed by _____ junctions between _________ cells

tight; sustentacular

the BTB Separates _______ from immune system

sperm

the BTB Prevents ________ & other large molecules in the blood from getting to ____ cells

antibodies; germ

due to ______ ______ sperm cells are different from body cells and therefore would be attacked by the ______ _______

crossing over; immune system

the BTB Creates a localized ideal _______ environment for developing ______ that differs slightly from inside the ______ _____

chemical; sperm; tubule lumen

Efferent ductules

collect _____ from ____ testes = transport _____ to the _______

sperm; rete; sperm; epididymis

the epididymis is the site of sperm _________ and _______

maturation; storage

if sperm is not ejaculated, they will disintegrate and the epididymis _______

reabsorbs

Ejaculatory duct

Formed from ______ _______ + ________ _______ = passes through ______ to empty into ______

ductus deferens; seminal vesicle; prostate; urethra

seminal vesicle empties to __________ ________

ejaculatory duct

bulbourethral gland empties to penile ________

urethra

the bulbourethral gland produces _________ fluid for penis in prep for _________

lubricating; intercourse

the bulbourethral gland does not contribute to ______

semen

testes are held in development internally by _______ ________

connective tissue

the postion of the testes in body cavity changes with ________

growth

in 28 weeks the testes enter the ________

scrotum

testes are are ___C in the scrotum

scrotum

__% of boys born with un-descended testes (full term): __% premature: __% of unremoved testes develop cancer

3; 10; 10

Cryptorchidism (“______ testicle”) is Correct with _______ (injection) and ______

hidden; hormones; surgery

the ______ canal is the passage for the descent of testes

inguinal

Weak in area of spermatic cord= ______

hernias

_______ Do not move themselves in male reproductive tract

sperm

sperm are pushed along by fluid from _________ cells & _____

sustentacular; cilia

sperm live in low __ conditions as low ______ ________ in testes = prepares sperm for survival in female reproductive tract

O2; blood pressure

sperm develops better in ______ environments (pampiniform plexus)

cooler

spermATOgenesis involves: formation of _____ cells; reduction of ________ by number by ½ in sperm cells; and _______ _____ which is the shuffling of genes

sperm; chromosome; crossing over

______ sperm cells are produced via one germ cell

four

spermatogenesis occurs in _________ ________

seminiferous tubules

it takes ___ days to grow and develop 1 sperm

74

________ sperm made per minute

____ _______ sperm made per day

300,000; 400 million

Spermiogenesis -changes that transform ________ into ________; Discarding excess ________ & growing ____

spermatids; spermatozoa; cytoplasm; tail

the head of sperm contains _______ (1N) and ____; as well as _______

nucleus; DNA; acrosome

acrosome- ________ enzyme for ________ of the egg

lysosome; penetration

the tail of the sperm has -_______, ________, ________ _______, and _________

tail; midpiece; principal piece; endpiece

midpiece of sperm have ___________ and make ____ for beating tail for movement in female

mitochondria; ATP

sperm has No ___, no _____, no ________, no _______

ER; Golgi; lysosomes; glycogen

sperm Absorb ______ from semen for energy

fructose

germ cells produce type A cells= remain _______ blood-testis barrier & produce more daughter cells via ______ until death; and type B cells= differentiate into primary _________

outside; mitosis; spermatocytes

type B Cells must pass through _____ to move inward toward ______ - new ____ junctions form behind these cells

BTB; lumen; tight

in type B cells

Meiosis I → produces __ secondary ___________

Meiosis II → produces __ _________

2; spermatocytes; 4 spermatids

spermine is = ___% seminal fluid + ___% prostatic fluid + ___% sperm

60; 30; 10

semen consist of _______, _______, _______, and ________

fructose; fibrinogen; prostaglandins; spermine

there is __ - __ mL of seminal fluid expelled during ejaculation

2-5

Normal sperm count ___ to ___ million/mL

Lower than ___ to ___ million/mL = Infertility

50; 120; 20; 25

enzymes in semen dissolve female ______; prevents _____

mucous; UTI

Parasympathetic nerves can cause ______

erection

during excitement Penis nerves enter ______ spinal cord area - control ______ & cause ______

sacrum; sensory; erection

the plateau phase causes Increased _______, ____ rate, ______ pressure

breathing; heart; blood

ejaculation lasts ___- ___ seconds

3; 15

during ejaculation Increased heart rate to ___ beats/minute

180

during ejaculation increase ___ breaths per minutes

40