Anthropology 161 Exam 2

Variations in ___ ____ arose over thousands of years as people migrated from the equator towards the northern latitudes.

Skin color

As humans migrated out of Africa, _____ _____ changed. An example is the outcome of colder temperatures and fewer UV rays, which resulted in less melanin being necessary.

selective pressures

Sunlight produces which vitamin?

Vitamin D

Vitamin D critical for __________: Lack of it results in rickets.

bone growth andmineralization

TRUE OR FALSE: The Equator favored more melanin while the Northern latitudes less melanin.

True

Burgman’s Rule (1847)

is an ecogeographic rule stating that individuals of a species tend to be larger in colder environments than in warmer ones.

Allen’s Rule (1877)

The principle that an animal's extremities size are heat-related; extremities are larger in hot environments and smaller in cold environments.

As humans migrated around the world, they adapted to changes in the_____ ________.

thermal environment.

Humans are ______, meaning they can maintain a generally constant internal body temperature regardless of external temperature variations.

homeothermic

Too much ___ is harmful to humans, long-time exposure stressful and can be fatal.

Heat

vasodilation

blood vessels expand, allowing more blood flow to the skin; also known as flushing (excess heat lost through skin)

______ dissipates heat (1.6 million glands).

Sweating

TRUE OR FALSE: To cope with extreme heat, humans adapted the ability of body hair reduction which as a cooling method compared to primates.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Body size/shape variations in humans are favored by natural selection in response to extreme heat.

TRUE

Short-term adjustments to colder temperatures in humans is an example of _____.

Acclimatization

Vasoconstriction

blood vessels narrow; blood is kept away from skin surface to help retain heat

Increased Metabolic Rate

releases energy in the form of heat

Adaptation is considered a longer term adjustment. Three examples include high basal metabolic rate, vasoconstriction, and _____ (flushing: temorary

(?) - question

Most adjustment to cold are ______.

Cultural

Bergmann’s Rule

Ratio of body/mass/volume to surface area

Populations native to warm climates are _____ in body size (less mass, more surface area)

smaller

Populations native to cold climates are ____ in body size (more mass, less surface area).

larger

Allen’s Rule

appendage: torso ratio (?)

Populations native to warm climates have longer/shorter limbs to help dissipate heat.

longer

Populations native to colder climates have longer/shorter limbs to help retain heat.

shorter

Humidity

Moist humid areas with still air = inefficient sweating

Est. 25 million people live at “high” altitudes: _____ ft. above sea level and higher

10,000

Hypoxia-related stress effects = ?

TRUE OR FALSE: Thin air is considered a stress

TRUE

Hypoxia

reduction of oxygen in the atmosphere or body

Adaptation:

Larger chest size = larger lung and hearts which ensures functioning organs as more _____ comes through.

Oxygen

Adult Acclimatization:

• Changes in respiration

• Increased production of the ____

RRC

Developmental Acclimatization:

Increased chest size - increased _____ capact ( its not genetic change but an example of physiological plasticity)

lung

Tibetan and Quechua populations for the past 25,000 years have experienced genetic changes in response to high altitude due to the length of time of exposure to _______.

hypoxia

Skeletal Anthropology studies….?

Hominid evolution, our past, Human adaptation, Health in prehistory, Population structure and composition, and Forensic aspect

The skeleton has five major functions:
 Facilitates ______
 ______: supports soft tissues & creates
body form, providing stability
 _____ major organs of the body (brain,
spinal cord, heart and lungs)
 ______of blood cells
 ______ of minerals (calcium, phosphorus)

movement, Structure, Protects, Production, Storage

The muscles of the body are attached to the _______

bones

We move our bodies through the _____ and release of muscles

contraction

The ______ is the framework that provides the structure for the body

skeleton

Bones protect most important organs of the body:
 ____ protects the brain
 ______ protects the heart, lungs, part of liver
 _____ _______ protects the spinal cord

Skull, Ribs, vertebral column

The Skeletal System produces blood cells and platelets. These are specifically produced in the _____ ________.

Bone Marrow

An adult skeleton has ___ bones

206

An child skeleton has ___ bones

270

The function of _____ ______ is to store and release minerals.

Skeletal System

The axial skeleton consists of ___ bones.

80

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

SKULL , VERTEBRAL COLUMN, THORAX (STERNUM, and RIBS)

How many bones consist of the skull?

29 bones

Which skeleton does the skull belong to?

The avial

How many bones consist of the vertebral column?

26 bones

Which skeleton does the vetebral column belong to?

The avial

How many bones consist of the thorax (sternum and ribs)?

25 (1 and 24 respectively)

Which skeleton does the thorax belong to?

The avial

The Appendicular Skeleton consists of ____ bones.

126

What bones make up the Appendicular Skeleton

PECTORAL GIRDLE, UPPER (forelimbs), and the PELVIC GIRDLE

Which bones make up the PECTORAL GIRDLE? (hint: list two names)

The Clavicle and the Scapula 

How many bones make up the PECTORAL GIRDLE? (hint: list a number)

4 bones

How many bones make up the clavicle? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the scapula? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

Which bones make up the UPPER (forelimbs)? (hint: list six names)

Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpal, and Phalanges

How many bones make up the UPPER (forelimbs)? (hint: list a number )

60 bones

How many bones make up the Humerus? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Ulna? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Radius? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Carpals? (hint: list a number)

16 bones

How many bones make up the Metacarpals? (hint: list a number)

10 bones

How many bones make up the Phalanges? (hint: list a number)

28 Bones

Which bone makes up the PELVIC GIRDLE? (hint: list one name)

Os coxae

How many bones make up the PELVIC GIRDLE? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Os coxae? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

The lower extrimities, also known as the Hindlimb Bones, of the Appendicular Skeleton consists of how many bones?

60 bones

The lower extrimities, also known as the Hindlimb Bones, of the Appendicular Skeleton consists of which bones? (Hint: List nine names)

 Femur (2)
 Patella (2)
 Tibia (2)
 Fibula (2)
 Talus (2)
 Calcaneus (2)
 Tarsals (10)
 Metatarsals (10)
 Phalanges

How many bones make up the Femur? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Patella? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Tibia? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Fibula? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Talus? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Calcaneus? (hint: list a number)

2 bones

How many bones make up the Tarsals? (hint: list a number)

10 bones

How many bones make up the Metatarsals? (hint: list a number)

10 bones

How many bones make up the Phalanges? (hint: list a number)

28 bones

Living tissue or ____ changes and can be studied over time.

morphology

Bones articulate at the ______, _____, and _____. (Hint: List three names)

Joints, cartilage, and ligaments

_____ are connections between different skeletal

elements. 

Joints

Joint's are connected by _____, which are tough, dense, elastic and compressible connective tissue

cartilage

______ are closely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers, bind joint together to prevent dislocation

ligaments

Bones are _____ (less than 20% of the weight of the entire body)

light weight

Bones are comprised of three things: 25% water, 25% _____ (protein), and 50% crystallized mineral salts

collagen

The crystallized mineral salts in bones are calcium phosphate and _______.

Hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite

dense inorganic form of calcium phosphate that fills the collagen matrix, making bone hard and rigid

TRUE OR FALSE: Bones can repair and reshape itself in response to external stressors (i.e. muscle hypertrophy)

True

Living bone consists of three layers: 1) the ______, or outside skin of the bone; 2) the hard ______ _____, supporting the weight of the body; and 3) ______ ____ (bone marrow). (Hint: list three names)

periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone

Compact bones (or cortical) 

solid dense bone located in the bone shafts and on the external bone

At joints compact bone covered by_________.

cartilage

_____  or the cancellous, trabecular bone is lightweight, and honeycombed in structure.

Spongy

TRUE OR FALSE: Bone marrow is located within the space of the trabeculae. 

TRUE

Trabecular bone

sites of red marrow production in the growing skeleton (hematopoietic)

hematopoietic consists of Red and white blood cells and _______.

platelets

The ______ cavity is surrounded by compact bons, additionally producing yellow marrow (fat cells).

Medullary

As you grow, red marrow is gradually replaced
with _____ marrow

yellow

What are the three types of bone marrow?

red, yellow, gelatinous