AP World Unit 1

Song Dynasty

A golden age of arts and literature in China. It had a complicated bureaucratic state structure. A notable part about the Song dynasty was the examination system which would determine who high ranking officials were. (960-1279).

China's economic revolution

A rapid population growth helped aid in cultural and political success, bringing the Song Dynasty China to be one of the wealthiest countries on Earth. With agricultural advancements came technological innovations like the extensive water ways, military tools, printing, and energy for homes. Because of the tribute states, China had many connections to new advancements across Asia.

Hangzhou

China's capital during the Song dynasty.

Tribute System

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. Ex. Song China with Korea and Vietnam

Tale of Genji

A novel created by Lady Murasaki Shikibu in the 11th century. She was inspired by her time as a lady in waiting for Japan's royalty.

Champa Rice

Quick maturing, drought resistant strain of rice from Vietnam that was adopted into China and helped the population rise, the foundation on which Song China's proto-industrialization was built.

Chu nom

'Southern script', a variation of Chinese writing in Vietnam, enabled Vietnamese literature

Sirvijaya

A region heavily influenced by maritime trade because it controlled a critical strait that was essential to the Indian Ocean trade because of spices and gold. It also was a major center of Buddhism.

Madjapahit

A kingdom that at the peaks of its power in the mid-1300s dominated much of what is now Indonesia and Malaya. It was the largest of a number of states that emerged from the island of Java and was heavily influenced by Hinduism

Proto-industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

Schoar Gentry (China)

Scholar officials that appeared originally during the Han Dynasty and served as civil servants who followed the principles of Confucianism, encouraged other members in Chinese society to behave with Confucian morals

Filial Piety

The act of showing respect, obedience, and kindness towards parents and elders stemming from Confucian beliefs.

Grand Canal (China)

A Canal that connected the Yellow River in the north and the Yangtze River in the south (northern and southern China), made transportation of goods (especially grain) to big cities in China easier

Imperial Bureaucracy

A form of government built up of departments with specialized focuses in order to centralize government while still maintaining control over a multifaceted civilization

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Heian Period (Japan)

A period of time in Japan when Chinese influences lessened and Japan strengthened their own, separate cultural identity. It was also a time where the arts and literature flourished.

Seljuk Turkic Empire

A Turkish Empire that incorporated more Islamic ideas into their traditions.

Ottoman Empire

Empire formed by Turkish warriors, unified the Islamic Middle East an North Africa, large territory, diverse, wealthy, protector of Islam

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine empire and one of the largest european cities before being conquered by the Ottoman empire, it is now called Istanbul

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

al-Andalus

Islamic Spain

Vijayanagara Empire

One of the several Hindu states that successfully remained and had peaceful encounters with Muslims. The empire ruled much of Southern India and was "as large as Rome."

Dar al-Islam

House of Islam

Sultan

Muslim especially in the Ottoman Empire

Caliph

The ruler/religious leader of a Muslim country

Swahili Civilization

A group of politically independent city-states in East Africa that profit off of the Indian Ocean Trade. They have their own language, and they are influenced by Islam after encountering Muslim merchants while trading. They export African products while receiving things like Indian cottons, porcelain, and silk from Asia.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade across the Sahara desert that helped the West African civilizations become very wealthy because of the great riches and taxing of merchants.

trans-Saharan slave trade

Up to 1400 people crossed the desert to be traded as workers for the wealthy in Islamic North America

Mali

A west African civilization that in the fourteenth century that grew wealthy off of the trade of horses, metals, salt, copper, and gold.

Timbuktu

A major trading cosmopolitan city on the North African trade routes filled with an abundance of riches

Feuadalism

System where lords and knights swore loyalty to a king or more important lord and were given land in return for military service, where they could also earn goods from plundering.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Seizure of Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine empire was conquered in 1453 by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. This event marked the end of the previously great Byzantine Empire, although the state had been in decline for 2 centuries. (1453)

Western Christendom

Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E

Roman Catholic Church

All of Western Europe became linked together through the religious beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church with structured leadership and shared languages. It became a wealthy center of leadership for Christendom.

Keivan Rus

State centered around Kiev, in modern-day Ukraine and Western Russia. Run mostly by local princes, was Orthodox Christian, and borrowed extensively from the Byzantines then later the Mongals

European Renaissance

Period beginning Italy starting 1350, turning back to ancient references to learn and then surpass (Greek and Roman). Advances in literature and art, separation from religion

European Borrowing

Europeans took ideas from other civilizations (i.e. the horse collar from Asia or the spinning wheel from India) and used them in new and similar ways to the civilizations that invented them.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Commercial Revolution

Beginning in the Late Middle Ages, there was a huge increase in commerce which was promoted by the voyages of exploration the Europeans took to Africa, Asia, and the New World.

Crusades

Conquests by Western Europe to "reclaim" the Holy Land using the harassment of Christians by the Seljuks as reasoning. Another motive of the crusades was to keep the knights busy, as idle knights sometimes lead to rebellion.

Little Ice Age

A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.

Great Schism of 1054

the official split between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church in the East

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

Maya civilization

(250-900)In modern day Guatemala/Yucatan, many artistic/intellectual accomplishments:elaborate writing system, math included 0/complex calculations, many temples/pyramids with murals and carvings. Very fragmented politically->city states, local lords, warfare

Aztec Empire

The last mesoamerican state to be formed before the Spanish came to america. They built a strong military and conquered many surrounding areas. Human sacrifice was a big part of culture because they believed they needed to give back to the gods.

Inca Empire

The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532

Aztec Double-Headed Serpent

A sixteen inch Aztec sculpture of a two headed snake made from shells and turquoise. While what it is supposed to represent is not agreed upon, a lot of historians think it represents the god Quetzalcoatl.

Quipu

Counting and record keeping device

Mamluk Sultanate

A political unit in Egypt established by Mamluks, Defeated the Mongols and the Ayyubid Sultanate, Did not set up a consistent, hereditary line of succession, which hurt them greatly, Failed to adapt to new warfare and were eventually defeated by the Ottomans, who brought guns, Disinterest in trade also contributed to their downfall

Battle of Ayn Jalut

(1260) Mongols defeated by Egyptian Mamluks in an upset battle, as they get help from fellow Muslim Mongols, the Golden Horde under the rule of Berke, who is Hulegu's cousin. Showed stronger loyalty to religion than to family.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.