Cognitive Approach: Thinking and Decision-Making

Flashcards covering vocabulary and key concepts in cognitive approaches to thinking and decision-making.

Cognitive Approach

A psychological perspective that emphasizes mental processes such as thinking, memory, and decision-making.

Thinking

The process of using information to make decisions or form ideas.

Decision-Making

A cognitive process of making a choice between alternatives.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making.

Framing Effect

The influence of presentation format on decision making.

Loss Aversion

The tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.

Dual Process Theory

The theory that describes two systems of thought: System 1 (intuitive) and System 2 (rational).

System 1 Thinking

Fast, automatic, and emotion-driven thinking.

System 2 Thinking

Slow, deliberate, and logical thinking.

Normative Theory

A theory that describes how decisions should be made based on logic.

Descriptive Theory

A theory that describes how people actually make decisions based on biases and heuristics.

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind.

Representativeness Heuristic

Assessing similarity and making predictions based on past experiences.

Effort Heuristic

Judging quality based on the amount of effort that went into something.

Schema

A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)

A test designed to measure the tendency to override initial incorrect responses.

Appraisal

The cognitive process of evaluating the significance of a situation.