Crim unit 4

AC.2.1

What’s social control

• ways to make members of society follow rules

• Persuading or compelling people to conform to societies norms/ laws/ expectations

internal definition of social control

• social control lies within the individual

• these are controls over our behavior that come from personalities or our values

• Internalization of norms and values during socialization process (freuds superego tells us what is right and wrong which is created through socialization with family)

• → leads to conforming to the rules of society and groups we belong to as we feel it is right to do so

Rational ideology (internal forms)

• internalise rules through social

• It tells us what it right and wrong

• Conscious weighs up cost/ benefits

• Benifit outweigh cost (more likely to rationalise idea of committing crime)

Tradition and culture (internal)

• Culture to which we belong becomes part of socialisation

• Religion also applies→ conforming to tradition is important way of confirming one’s identity and accepted as member of community

• 2x examples (waiting until marriage, no divorce)

Internalisation of social rules and morality (internal)

• Superego and traditions we follow become part of our inner self

• Both start outside (external) we internalise through socialisation e.g family or school

• Societies rules become our rules → conform to social norms

links to left realism internal forms

1.relative deprivation- people will only feel deprived in relation to other groups (feeling resentment more important than actual poverty)

2. subcultures- group that share sense of relative deprivation (cant achieve goals as blocked opportunities- develop lifestyle to cope)

3. marginalization- poverty and unemployment can make people feel on the margins- violence to express frustration

To achieve social control lack of education and support offered by the community means interventions, identify groups that are at risk and take actions on limit offending, working with children in schools.

links to left realism external

forms

• inequality is main cause of crime- need more community interventions to reduce crime- by involving local community in controlling crime- improve housing, reduce unemployment and reduce of crime

external definition of social control

• agencies are created to encourage people to stick to the rules

• if rules and social control are not enforced there are consequences

• COURT- harsh sentences (Eleanor Williams- eight and a half years for making allegations- guadian)

• PRISON- Wandsworth- prisons set example for what happens when rules are broken

external forms- coercion

• force to achieve social control e.g force to stop someone doing something- used by people in power (government, police)

• can be physical (restraint)

• can be non violent (strike/protest)

external forms- fear of punishment

• will conform as fearful of receiving sanction (formal e.g fine or informal e.g kicked out of social group)

• if you do not obey the law and commit offence you will be arrested, charged, convicted and sent to prison against will

• DETERRENCE

right realism

• the new right realism- 1980s Margret thatcher ‘broken Britain’ government should play small role in providing welfare (traditional families)

• welfare state- gov play small role in welfare as it is responsibility of the individual → otherwise dependent culture developed draining resources

• single parent families- lone mothers reliant upon gov financial aid- undermine values of society- lack of authoritative figure

• the underclass- group of young people- no desire for formal paid work, live off benefits and illegal economy, short term sex (children born without dad) brought up with little to no concern for values of society- driven to crime

right realism links to internal

• individuals are responsible for committing crime, single parent families, and welfare state means children not building forms of social control

• overall low level of internal control and so external forms need to be tough to enforce social control

external forms link to right realism

need to be tough on criminals to reduce crime, e.g more police on streets, zero tolerance policy, use of cctv

what is the control theory

• people conform because controlled by their bonds to society

• delinquent behavior/criminal acts occur when individuals bonds with society are weak or broken

• these bonds are attachment to others, commitment to our goals, involvement in law abiding activities and beliefs in obeying the law

using examples explain what is meant by internal forms of social control- how would you structure the answer? 4 marks

1. define internal forms of social control (within the individual, personalities, values..)

2. pick 1 (rational ideology, tradition/culture or internalizing social rules) and explain

3. give an example of that

4. pick 2nd and explain

5. give example

explain how prisons use external forms of social control- structure 4marks?

1. define external forms of social control

2. define coercion

3. explain how prisons use coercion to achieve social control

4. define deterrence and fear of punishment

5. explain how prisons use deterrence to achieve social control

AC.3.1

police aims

• keep peace and maintain order

• protect life and property

• bring offenders to justice

police funding

• 62% from central government

• 24% from cousil tax

• 13% from other income and special grants

• HMIC issues a warning that a shortage of detectives and investigations amounts to a national crisis

• police funding has fallen in 2010/18 by 19% and there was a fall in 20,000 police officers

working practices of police

• PATROL- this achieves social control by having a physical presence on the streets acts as a deterrence

• ARREST- this achieves social control by stopping person from committing crime

• INTERVIEW- this achieve social control by solving crime- getting criminals off streets and deterrence

discuss the role of police in achieving social control? 5 marks

• give an aim of the police e.g achieve social control by arresting offenders of crime

• one working practice and then how this achieve social control e.g interview, arrest, patrol

• another working practice and how this achieves social control

(you can not do an aim and use 3 working practices to achieve same amount of marks)

WEAKNESSES of the police- reports

• not effective when achieving social control due to not dealing with reports efficiently. In cromer 2017 police met with local residents and 37 crimes discussed in meeting (rape, theft, assult)-

• failed to provide supports and classed crimes as low level

• this does not achieve social control as the police failed to correctly report crimes and support victims, therefore offenders not punished for there crime could go to commit more.

WEAKNESS of the police- rising crime rate

• another reason why police are not effective at achieving social control is the rising crime rates

• the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), knife-related crimes have surged back to nearly pre-pandemic levels, with 55,008 offences recorded, representing a 4% rise.

• police not deterring people from committing crime

WEAKNESS of police- Stephen Lawrence

• good example of police not achieving social control

• family waited 20 years for justice as police didn’t carry out the interview process right

• mcpherson report shows racism

• not social control- bias and guilty not found guilty so can go on to commit more crime

strength of the police

• work in the community to prevent crime (patrol, neighbourhood watch) this achieves social control as it keeps public safe and tries combat anti social behavior with community ax=ction teams

• issuing punishments for offenders such as cautions and penalty notices this achieve social control as it stops them from re offending

• Alice ruggles- caught offender in the same night after effective phone call

what are the 7 LIMITATIONS of agencies in achieving social control (number 1 and 2)

1. relapsing into offending- sentencing fails to reduce re-offending- criminals receiving convictions repeated;y, fewer stopping (no deterrence) 29% of adults re offend, 33% juveniles- not acting as a deterrent as same arrested

2. laws that can be seen as preventing social control e.g social control- e.g PACE- set of guidelines for the police to follow- detention without charge- infringing freedom, may lead public to rebel against the police

3. focus on certain policies may mean others are overlooked

7 LIMITATIONS of agencies in achieving social control continued

1. staffing and facilities lacking-

2. lack of funding- 19% funding cut, 20,000 officers gone- less police to patrol streets and answer phone calls- not achieving social control

3. the environment of the offenders may not help

4. those can feel crime is correct and moral

features of the crime control model

• crime is a threat so we should focus on punishing the offender

• focus on protecting the victims rights

• social control and order is necessary condition to free society

• presume guilt as CPS and police have charged

example of crime control model

• delivery driver had a acid attack which changed police powers from only arresting if carrying acid with intent to can arrest and search for substance without intent

right realism link to crime control

• conservatives approach to justice has much in common with right realism

• zero tolerance and policing strategies favors the police having greater power to investigate

features of the due process model

• innocent until proven guilty

• focus on the rights of the suspects

• government and police powers should be limited to prevent oppression

• less faith in police ability to conduct investigations

example for the due process model

• JLS singer Orise Williams faced allegations of rape

• police couldn’t clear his name fast enough- people assumed he was guilty and he could not work for 3 years and his house was set fire to

• shows that people for be seen innocent until proven guilty

left realism link to Due Process Model

• left agrees that police must follow due process by acting lawfully and not discriminate to fight crime

• policing should rely massively on cooperation of the community

Aims of the CPS

• the right person prosecuted for the right offence and bring justice where possible- fair no bias

funding for the CPS

• most income from the government- half a million a year

• recovery funding

• CPS faced budget cuts from 25% in 2018 and lost 1/3 of staff

working practices of the CPS

• advising the police in their investigations on lines of inquires or evidence- this achieves social control as more likely to find

• deciding weather to prosecute and if so what charge

• prepares prosecution services and presents in court using own layers and specialists- shows anyone who commits crime will be prosecuted

7 limitations for the CPS

• re-offending- 2023 the CPS case load was 62,806 with 46% re-offending within a year

• laws can be seen as preventing social control- Abu quatada- not allowed to prosecute but not allowed to deport

• staffing and facilities- CPS staff and courts under- resourced leading to backlogs and poorer outcomes for victim of most serious sexual offences- understaffed don’t do trial

7 limitations of the CPS continued…

• finance- staff cuts since 2010 lead to delays, errors and waste says legal expert- less employees 1/3 of staff gone in 2018 due to 25% budget cut

• focus on certain policies may mean others are overlooked- local and national policies- 14 regional teams who work with local issues- have to prioritize national over local

• those who felt crime was correct and moral- April 2009 to march 2004 the CPS received 187 assisted suicide many say this law is unclear so unfair if CPS prosecute