Chemistry Terms & Definitions: Nucleic Acids, Carbs & Proteins

What are subatomic particles?

protons, neutrons, electrons (make up atom)

What is an atom?

Smallest unit of element

What are molecules?

two or more atoms bonded together

What are macromolecules?

large, complex, organic molecules

What are the 4 macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are carbohydrates result?

glucose and cellulose

What are lipids result?

fats and phospholipids

What are proteins result?

enzymes and antibodies

What do carbohydrates serve as?

fuel and building materials

What are the groups of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

What are monosaccharides?

one simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

What are disaccharides?

two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond

What are polysaccharides?

long chains of monosaccharides liked by glycosidic bonds

What is the storage in polysaccharides?

starch and glycogen

What is starch?

storage form of glucose in plants

What is glycogen?

Storage form of glucose in animals

What are structural of polysaccharides?

Cellulose and chitin

What is cellulose?

straight, unbranched structure of fiber like strands (cell walls)

What is chitin?

structural polysaccharide in insects

What are lipids characteristics?

non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

What are the 3 types of lipids?

triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steroids

What are triglycerides?

made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

joined by ester bonds

What are saturated fats?

contain NO double bonds (solid)

What are unsaturated fats?

have 1 or more double bond (liquid)

What are phospholipids?

Two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails creating cell membranes

What are steroids?

4 ringed carbon structure

What is a common steroid?

cholesterol

What is an ester linkage?

formed through dehydration reactions between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

What are proteins made of?

amino acids linked by peptide bonds

What are structural functions in proteins?

provide support and shape (folding/coiling)

What are enzymatic functions in proteins?

speed up biochemical reactions

What are hormonal functions in proteins?

coordinate cellular activities

Describe the structure of an amino acid

-amino group (NH2)

-carboxyl group (COOH)

-hydrogen atom (H)

-R group

What is an R group?

side chain that varies with each amino acid and determines its properties

What is nonpolar group?

hydrophobic, often inside of proteins

What are polar groups?

hydrophilic, interact with water and often exterior

What are charged groups?

acidic or basic, can form ionic bonds

What are peptide bonds?

form between amino group and carboxyl group in amino acids through dehydration reactions

List the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest

subatomic, electron, nucleolus, protons and neutrons, atom, molecule, macromolecules, monomer, polymer

What biological macromolecules have ester linkages?

lipids

What biological macromolecules have glycosidic linkages?

carbohydrates

What biological macromolecules have peptide bonds?

proteins

What are ester linkages?

a covalent bond that links lipids

What functional groups make up carbhydrates?

hydroxyl and carbonyl

What are amino acids structure?

both carboxyl and amino groups that differ in properties due to R groups

What is hydrolysis?

The separation of two macromolecules by adding water.

What do dehydration reactions do?

form new, longer, bonds by removing water molecule

Carbohydrates serve as what?

energy availability (processing) and structure (organization)

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

What is a proteins secondary structure?

folding or coiling into either an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet

What is a proteins tertiary structure?

The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide

What is a proteins quaternary structure?

overall protein structure made of 2 or more polypeptides

What is a proteins primary structure?

sequence of amino acids (growing chain)

What is denaturation?

protein unravels/loses og shape changing function due to chemicals/head

What is a pyrimidine?

single-ringed nitrogenous base (ATU)

What determines the function of a protein?

Amino acid sequence, shape and structure, and whether or not its been denatured

What is a purine?

a double-ringed nitrogenous base (A and G)

Sometimes, Elephants, Point and Nag, About, Moles, Mighty, Migration, Patterns

Subatomic, electron, protons and neutrons (nucleus), atom, molecule, macromolecules, monomers, polymer

What functional groups make up lipids?

hydroxyl and carboxyl but have less oxygen

What functional groups make up nucleic acids?

Amine group (+) phosphate group (-) and sugar

What functional groups make up protein?

amino and carboxyl and R group

Are carbohydrates polar and nonpolar?

non polar

Are lipids polar and nonpolar?

nonpolar (phospholipids are both)

Are nucleic acids polar and nonpolar?

polar

Are proteins polar and nonpolar?

polar sides, but R-group can be either

What are nucleic acids bonds?

hydrogen bonds

What are proteins bonds?

peptides, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds

What are carboohydrates monomer?

monosaccharide

What are lipids monomer?

They dont have one

What are nucleic acids monomer?

nucleotides

What are proteins monomer?

amino acids

What terms go with carbohydrates?

glycerol

What terms go with lipids?

steroids and saturated/unsaturated

What terms go with nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA, ATP and purine/pyrimidines

What terms go with proteins?

denaturation, conformation (folding/3D structure)

How are carbohydrates used?

short term energy storage and structure

How are lipids used?

long term energy storage and chemical massagers

How are nucleic acids used?

NOT storage, but energy processing, messengers, and information

How are proteins used?

The body uses protein for energy when carbs aren't available.