USCP Midterm Test

**CULTURE**

consisted of beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics **shared** by the members of a particular group or society

can manifest in **material** and **non-material** form

**CULTURE**

It involves the __symbols__, __language__, __norms__, __values__, and __artifacts__ that **characterize** any society and that **shape** the __thoughts__, __behaviors__, and __attitudes__ of the members of the society.

**CULTURE**

______ is what makes people living in one society SIMILAR.

It is also what makes societies **different** from one another.

Culture is learned and transmitted

**Five Main Characteristics of Culture**

We get our culture from family members, environment, school,

shared

**Five Main Characteristics of Culture**

Culture is ___ thru our similarities

Culture is **integrated**

**Five Main Characteristics of Culture**

\
* colonization = shared/ imitate culture
* original → present

Culture is **dynamic**

**Five Main Characteristics of Culture**

\
* always changing
* ex. gender equality, slavery

Culture involves symbols and languages

**Five Main Characteristics of Culture**

\
reading and writing; movies

**SOCIETY**

a group of people interacting in a **patterned manner** and sharing the same culture.

*  represents the **people** who share those beliefs and practices.

*culture*

represents the **beliefs**, **norms**, **practices**, **values** and **materials** __shared__ by a group,

POLITICS

is commonly associated with the concept of "**power**" and how power is **structured** in human organizations.

Legislative

* **Senators, house of representatives**
* **Makes** laws

Executive

* president, vice president, Cabinet, most federal agencies

**Signs** laws, **carries** out laws

Judicative

* Supreme Court and other courts

**Evaluates** laws

POLITICS

* primarily focused on the process of __identifying__, __acquiring__, __distributing__ and __securing__ **power**; and how the secured power can be **utilized** to make and **enforce** __decisions__ (e.g. rules, laws, policies) that are **binding** to the members of a group.

POLITICS

It also involves how power is used to **manage** conflicting interests of the members of the group to come up with consensus

POWER

* refers to the ability to **control** the behavior of people and/or **influence** the outcome of events.
* It enables people or groups to **control** the policies, functions, and culture of society.

Social Phenomenon

* “**social facts**" and these are the subject matter of __sociology__.

Social Phenomenon

* have **distinctive** social characteristics and determinants, which are not __amenable__ to explanations on the biological or psychological level.

Social Phenomenon

* They are **external** to any particular individual and are more likely to endure over time.
* Existence of ________ can be explained by a combination of **present** social situations and **past** events.

Social Phenomenon

* can manifest in different forms such as “**distinct patterns** in social interaction which may represent a __social__, __cultural__, __political behavior__ affecting other members of a society

Social Phenomenon

* can be in the form of an “**established norm**”, an institutionalized practice,  an emerging “**social trend**”,  a “social fad”.

Social Phenomenon

* Due to patterned and persistent social interaction among individuals in a society, __ occur in **different forms**; such as established __norms__, a collective __beliefs/views__ and __practices__, a fad, or a trend.

Social Phenomenon

* can be recognized through patterned interaction and behavior observed in a society.

are caused and has **positive** and **negative**/ **long** term and **short** term effects

**SOCIOLOGY**

* general science of **society**

**SOCIOLOGY**

* It focuses on studying social __behavior__, __patterns__ of social relationships, social __interaction__, social __order__, and social __change__

**Theoretical Sociology**

* focuses on developing a **body of knowledge** about laws and theories that govern pattern of interaction, relationship, and collective behavior among individual in the society

**Rural and Urban Sociology**

focuses on identifying and interpreting the patterns of behavior, interaction and relationships among individuals living in **rural** and **urban** communities.

**Social Psychology**

* focuses on the study of **human mind** and **behavior** as part of a group

**Historical Sociology**

* focuses on the study of the patterns of human behavior, interaction and relationships in **different periods** of time.
* It also defines the features of different human institutions as time goes by.

**Auguste Comte**

* the first intellectual to develop the concept of sociology and is known to be the **father of sociology**

**ANTHROPOLOGY**

is the **scientific** study of **humans**, human behavior and societies in the past and present in order to fully understand human existences in different spaces and in different times.

**Biological anthropologists**

* carry out systematic studies of the **non-cultural** aspects of humans and near-humans.
* Non-cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are genetically inherited in contrast to learned.

Biological anthropologists are usually involved in one of three different areas of research: **human biology**, **primatology**, or **paleoanthropology**.

**Human biology**

concerned with learning about human **diversity**, genetic **inheritance** patterns, non-cultural adaptations to environmental stresses, and other biological characteristics of our species

**Social Cultural Anthropologists**

* interested in learning about the **cultural** aspects of human societies all over the world.
* They usually focus their research on the social and political organizations, practices, traditions, marriage patterns and kinship systems, subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different societies in order to **interpret the meanings** behind them.

**Archaeology**

* scientific study of the **material remains of past human life and activities.**
* These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present day: everything made by human beings—from simple tools to complex machines, from the earliest houses and temples and tombs to palaces, cathedrals, and pyramids.
* Archaeological investigations are a principal source of knowledge of prehistoric, ancient, and extinct culture.

**Linguistics**

* concerned with the nature of **language** and **communication**.

It deals both with the study of __particular languages__, and the search for general properties common to all languages or large groups of languages.

**PHONETICS**

the study of the production, acoustics and hearing of speech sounds

**PHONOLOGY**

the patterning of sounds

**MORPHOLOGY**

the structure of words

**SYNTAX**

the structure of sentences

**SEMANTICS**

meaning

**PRAGMATICS**

language in context

**POLITICAL SCIENCE**

* the study of **power**, **politics** and **governance** from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives.
* It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war

**POLITICAL SCIENCE**

* the study of the nature, causes, and consequences of **collective decisions and actions taken by groups of people** embedded in cultures and institutions that structure power and authority.

**Political Theory**

* deals with generating a **body of knowledge** about human political behavior.
* It also deals with the **theories** involving nature of power

**Public Law**

* a field of law that covers the government’s relationship with the **citizens** it oversees and it also considers the relationships between citizens that might have an effect on society.
* If the government makes a questionable decision on the rights of the individuals in society, or does not act within the law, this is where a specialist lawyer in public law might step in.

**International Relations**

* also commonly referred to as **international studies**.
* It deals with the understanding the relationship among *political entities* (polities) such as sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), other non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) by drawing concepts from politics, law and economics.

**International Relations**

This is to provide a __deeper understanding__ on the relationship of different political entities to give light to **diplomacy** and **foreign policy**

**Comparative Politics**

covers the study of political experience within more than one nation-state for the purpose of making **systematic comparisons.**