ABPSYCH 1

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER

A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically expected or culturally expected.

DSM 5

according to ___, A psychological disorder is Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

distress

The behavior must be associated with —-to be classified as a disorder
• The criterion is satisfied if the individual is extremely upset.

Impairment

If you are so shy that you find it impossible to date or even interact with people and you make every attempt to avoid interactions even though you would like to have friends.

ATYPICAL OR NOT CULTURALLY EXPECTED

Behavior that it deviates from the average or violating social norms

Psychopathology

The scientific study of psychological disorders.

Counseling Psychologists

Tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals.

Clinical Psychologists

Concentrate on more severe psychological disorders

Psy.D.

Focus on clinical training and de-emphasize or eliminate research training.

Ph.D.

Integrate clinical and research training.

Psychiatrists

First earn an M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during residency training that lasts 3 to 4 years.

Psychiatric Social Workers

Earn a master’s degree in social work as they develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder.

Psychiatric Nurses

Have advanced degrees (master’s or Ph.D.) and specialize in the care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders, usually in hospitals as part of a treatment team.

THE SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER

1 Keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and therefore use the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures.

2 Evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work.

3 Scientist-practitioners might conduct research that produces new information about disorders or their treatment.

Presents

Traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic.

Prevalence, Incidence

type of Population

Prevalence

How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder

Incidence

How many new cases occur during a given period.

Chronic course, Episodic Course, Time-limited Course

type of Course

Chronic Course

Tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

Episodic Course

The individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

time-Limited Course

The disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

Acute, insidious Onset

types of onset

Acute Onset

Begin suddenly

Insidious Onset

Develop gradually over an extended period.

Prognosis

The anticipated course of a disorder.

Developmental Psychology

Study of changes in behavior over time.

Developmental Psychopathology

Study of changes in abnormal behavior.

Life-Span Developmental Psychopathology

Study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span

Etiology

The study of origins and has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Nicholas Oresme

(14th century) o Chief advisers to the king of France

The disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons.

Mass Hysteria

• Characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior

Saint Vitus’s Dance / Tarantism

o In Europe, whole groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night.

Mob Psychology

A shared response. If one person identifies a “cause” of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source

If one person identifies a “cause” of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source.

Emotion Contagion

The experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.

Paracelsus

(1493 to 1541) • Swiss physician

• The movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning.

Hippocrates

Father of modern Western medicine.

o Believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics).

o Considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion

Hysteria

o Describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians: somatic symptom disorders.

The physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness.

Coined by Hippocrates

Hippocratic Corpus

o Written between 450 and 350 B.C.

o Suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease.

Wandering Uterus Theory

• Occurred primarily in women so the Egyptians (and Hippocrates) mistakenly assumed that they were restricted to women

Presumed cause: The empty uterus wandered to various parts of the body in search of conception (the Greek word for “uterus” is hysteron).

• Numerous physical symptoms reflected the location of the wandering uterus.

• Treatment: Marriage or fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back to its natural location

Galen

(approximately A.D. 129–198), (Roman Physician)

• Adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates.

the proponent of Humoral Theory of Disorders

Humoral Theory of Disorders

o Disease resulted from too much or too little of one of the humors

Blood

Came from the heart.

sanguine

Black Bile

Came from the spleen.

▪ Melancholic means depressive.

Yellow Bile

Came from the liver.

choleric

Phlegm

Came from the brain.

▪ A phlegmatic personality (from the humor phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress.

phlegmatic

A —- personality (from the humor phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress.

choleric

▪ A —-person (from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered.

Sanguine

( “red, like blood”): someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and delirium were thought to be caused by excessive blood in the brain.

Bleeding or Bloodletting

a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body.

Induce Vomiting

Robert Burton recommended eating tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage.

Advanced Syphilis

o A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain.

Germ Theory of Disease

(Louis Pasteur, 1870) o Facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis.

General Paresis

o Consistent symptoms and a consistent course that resulted in death unlike syphilis.

o Deteriorated steadily, becoming paralyzed and dying within 5 years of onset.

Discovery of Cure for General Paresis

▪ Physicians observed a surprising recovery in patients with general paresis who had contracted malaria, so they deliberately injected other patients with blood from a soldier who was ill with malaria.

John P. Grey

(American Psychiatrist)

• Asserts that causes of insanity were always physical.

o Mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill.

Insulin Shock Therapy

• Discovered as it was occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but it also seemed to calm them down.

Manfred Sakel

(Viennese Physician, 1927) o Began using increasingly higher dosages until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose.

o Recovery was attributed to the convulsions.

Benjamin Franklin

(1750s) o Discovered that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia).

Dutch Physician

(Friend and Colleague of Benjamin Franklin) o Tried it on himself and discovered that the shock also made him “strangely elated” and wondered if it might be a useful treatment for depression

Joseph von Meduna

(Hungarian Psychiatrist, 1920s) o Observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy. o Some of his followers concluded that induced brain seizures might cure schizophrenia.

Rauwolfia Serpentine

(Later Renamed Reserpine) And Neuroleptics (Major Tranquilizers) o Hallucinatory and delusional thought processes could be diminished in some patients and also controlled agitation and aggressiveness.

Benzodiazepines

(Minor Tranquilizers) o Used to reduce anxiety.

Bromides

o A class of sedating drugs.

Used at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century to treat anxiety and other psychological disorders.

Emil Kraepelin

(1856–1926)

• Major contribution is in the areas of diagnosis and classification.

• One of the first to distinguish among various psychological disorders. o Each may have a different age of onset and time course, with somewhat different clusters of presenting symptoms, and probably a different cause.

Plato

Thought that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences in one’s life and the learning that took place in that environment.

o The best treatment was to reeducate the individual through rational discussion so that the power of reason would predominate

Aristotle

• Emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology.

Greek Asclepiad Temples

• Housed the chronically ill, including those with psychological disorders.

• Patients were well cared for, massaged, and provided with soothing music.

Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin

e reforms by removing all chains used to restrain patients and instituting humane and positive psychological interventions.

Benjamin Rush

• Considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry.

• Introduced moral therapy in his early work at Pennsylvania Hospital

Dorothea Dix

(1802–1887) o Mental Hygiene Movement ▪ A schoolteacher who campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity. ▪ Everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless. o Increase in the number of mental patients > hospitals were inadequately staffed.

Franz Anton Mesmer

• Problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called “animal magnetism,” which could become blocked.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893)

• Head of the Salpétrière Hospital in Paris.

• Legitimize the fledgling practice of hypnosis

Josef Breuer ) and Sigmund Freud

• Asked them to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as they could while in a state hypnosis.

o Breuer and Freud had “discovered” the unconscious mind.

Catharsis

Release of emotional material.

Insight:

A fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events.

SIGMUND FREUD

Discovers neuroses

Neuroses

o Neurotic disorders, from an old term referring to disorders of the nervous system.

Denial

: Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others.

Displacement

: Transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person.

Projection

: Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object.

Rationalization

: Conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

Reaction Formation

: Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.

Repression

o : Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness.

Sublimation

o : Directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior.

Oral Stage

▪ Characterized by a central focus on the need for food

Phallic Stage

▪ Characterized by early genital self-stimulation.

anna freud

ego psychology

Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1946)

▪ The individual slowly accumulates adaptational capacities, skill in reality testing, and defenses.

▪ Abnormal behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating such functions as delaying and controlling impulses or in marshaling appropriate normal defenses to strong internal conflicts

heinz kohut

self psychology

Self-Psychology

o The formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress toward health

Object Relations

o The study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were emotionally attached.

Jung’s Collective Unconscious

o A wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation

Alfred Adler

o Created the term inferiority complex.

o Focused on feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority

Erik Erikson (1902–1994)

o Theory of development across the life span.

o Described in some detail the crises and conflicts that accompany eight specific stages.

Free Association

o Patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring.

Dream Analysis

o Therapist interprets the content of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary-process thinking of the id, and systematically relates the dreams to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts.

Countertransference

o Therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient

Classical Psychoanalysis

o Requires therapy four to five times a week for 2 to 5 years to analyze unconscious conflicts, resolve them, and restructure the personality to put the ego back in charge