History of Oceanography

European Voyages of Discovery

1400-1500’s

Founding of Oceanography as Science

1800’s

Phoenicians, Polynesians, Arab Fleet

Early Civilization

Voyages of Learning

1700’s

Science declines but navigation improves

500-1400 A.D.

Advancements in sounding, drilling, study

1900’s

Greek scientists produce atlas and catalog life

400-100 B.C.

Ferdinand Magellan

1st to go around / circumnavigate the Earth, died in the Philippines

Leif Erickson

Made 1st European voyage to North America

Matthew F. Maury

Physical Geography of the Sea on currents

Ptolemy

Made 1st World Atlas

Christopher Columbus

Made 4 voyages to the “New World”

Aristotle

Cataloged marine organisms by characteristics

James Cook

Charted the Pacific including Alaska and Hawaii, he died in Hawaii

Charles W. Thomson

Chief Scientist on HMS Challenger

HMS Challenger

1st vessel dedicated to oceanographic research

Meteor (Vessel)

Measured ocean depths using echo sounding

What did the Vikings do?

Colonized Iceland and Greenland

What did the Polynesians do?

Colonized the Pacific and Hawaiian Islands

Muslim Fleet

Established and controlled trade to India and China

Phoenicians

Established trade through the Mediterranean

Where was Cook killed?

Hawaii

Where was Magellan killed?

The Phillippines

Accurate watch

Used to measure longitude

Satellite

Used for remote sensing

“Father of Oceanography”

Maury

HMS Endeavor

Reports still used today, was James Cook’s Ship

Who tried to reach the west indies?

Columbus

Portolanos

Harbor finding charts

What is letter A?

Arctic Circle [ 66.5 NORTH ]

What is letter B?

Tropic of Cancer [ 23.5 NORTH ]

What is letter C?

Equator [ 0 DEGREES ]

What is letter D?

Tropic of Capricorn [ 23.5 SOUTH ]

What is letter E?

Antarctic Circle [ 66.5 SOUTH ]

Prime Meridian

0 DEGREES Going UP and DOWN

International Date Line

180 DEGREES W/E

Laws of the Sea

International rules governing oceans in order to maintain peace

The Laws of the Sea are based on what?

Customs

The Laws of the Sea are based on what?

Treaties

The Laws of the Sea are based on what?

International Agreements

UNCLOS meaning

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

When was UNCLOS last updated?

1994

Has the US Congress ratified the UNCLOS treaty?

No

EEZ meaning

Exclusive Economic Zone

How far does the EEZ extend from a nation’s shore?

200 miles

How far do territorial waters extend from a nation’s shore?

12 miles

High Seas

Any part of the Ocean not inside the EEZ of any nation