Physiology Lab 1 ✅

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Endocrine and exocrine function

Where is the pancreas located?

Posterior to the stomach

Which hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon

What type of mechanism controls blood glucose levels?

Negative feedback

What is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones for absorption?

Digestion

What is the body's primary energy source?

Carbohydrates, which break down into glucose

What is the primary molecule involved in cellular respiration?

Glucose

Why can other molecules enter the cellular respiration pathway?

They are converted into other intermediates of glycolysis

Name three molecules that can enter glycolysis through alternate pathways.

Amino acids, lipids, other carbohydrates

Do blood sugar levels rise or fall right after digestion?

Rise

What does increased blood sugar signal the pancreas to release?

Insulin

What is a peptide hormone that helps glucose across the cell membrane?

Insulin

How does insulin help glucose enter cells?

Inserts GLUT4 channels into the plasma membrane through facilitated diffusion

What is high blood-glucose concentration called?

Hyperglycemia

What is low blood-glucose concentration called?

Hypoglycemia

What hormone brings blood glucose levels down?

Insulin hormone

What hormone raises blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

What causes excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells to be released?

Glucagon hormone

What is glucagon's relationship to insulin?

Antagonistic

Which vein transports glucose-rich blood from the small intestines to the liver?

Hepatic portal vein

Where is excess glucose stored?

Liver and muscle cells

What type of feedback loop regulates insulin and glucagon?

Negative feedback loop

What is an insulin-resistant cell?

A cell that takes in less insulin, surrounded by more insulin than inside

What disease is characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels?

Diabetes mellitus

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

Insulin is either not produced or reduced in production

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Cells become resistant to insulin

What do both types of diabetes indicate?

A problem with negative feedback control mechanisms

What condition is present before type 2 diabetes?

Pre-diabetes

What autoimmune disease destroys insulin-producing cells?

Type 1 diabetes

What regulates blood pressure by balancing fluid and substances in the blood?

Kidneys

What should the capillary surface be like to allow filtration?

Very thin

What effect does high blood sugar have on blood pressure?

Causes high blood pressure

What does increased blood pressure damage or thicken?

Capillaries

What happens when less fluid diffuses through the glomerulus?

The kidney is signaled to release less water into the urine

What do thickened capillary walls falsely indicate?

Low blood volume

How do kidneys respond to false low blood volume indicators?

Release blood pressure increasing hormones and increase blood volume in the capillaries

Why is diabetes harmful to capillaries?

High blood sugar harms the capillaries, causing the kidneys to increase blood pressure

What blood glucose level is considered hypoglycemia?

<40 mg/dL

What blood glucose level is considered normal?

50-108 mg/dL

What blood glucose level indicates pre-diabetes?

100-125 mg/dL

What blood glucose level indicates hyperglycemia?

126 mg/dL