public health vaccine and drugs

what is a vaccine

what is a vaccine

safe form of an infectious agent which when given to a person, induces a protective immune response

how do vaccines work

immune system cells make antibodies and memory cells

ways to receive vaccines

injected, inhaled, or swallowed

long term immunity: if person encounters pathogen again antibodies will….

help block pathogen entry, neutralize toxins, kill pathogens with help from cells

why is high herd immunity critical

small % of people respond poorly to any vaccine, some cannot receive vaccine, can fail even with 98% vaccination rates if pockets of unvaccinated people exist

biological challenges: WHO states that the ideal vaccine would be affordable world wide and…

heat stable, effective after a single dose, applicable to a number of diseases, administered by a mucosal route, suitable for children

what are anti-microbial drugs

chemicals that kill or inhibit growth of microbes

antibiotics target

bacteria

antivirals target

viruses

antifungals target

fungi

anti-parasitic target

protozoa/worms

how are antibiotics classified

by chemical structure

broad antibiotics

target lots of bacteria

narrow antibiotics

target few types of bacteria

how do antibiotics work

by targeting unique site in pathogen

when did general use of antibiotics begin

1950s

results of antibiotic general use

reduced death due to TB, pneumonia, septicemia and improved surgical outcome

who developed the model list of essential drugs

WHO in 1977

when is the model list of essential drugs revised

every two years

when was the golden age of antibiotics

1944 to 1972

what happened during the golden age of antibiotics

life expectancy jumped by eight years, largely credited to the introduction of antibiotics