test bank psych

A 14-month-old toddler is placed is an unfamiliar situation with child's mother, who then leaves the room for a time. When the mother returns, the child squirms and tries to get away from the mother when picked up, but also seems distresses when placed back on the floor. Mary Ainsworth would consider this evidence of which of the following;

a resistant or ambivalent attachment style

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of

object permanence

A belief that adult personality is completely determined in early childhood would be most relevant to the issue of

stability or change

A critical period is a phase during which

certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.

A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage

insecure attachment

A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?

industry vs inferiority

A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a

decrease in his fluid intelligence

A researcher dabs color on a 16-month-old's face and places the child in front of a mirror. Which of the following developmental milestones has been reached if the child realizes that there is something wrong with its face?

recogniton of self

A schema can be described as

a mental construct

a teratogen is a(n)

substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of

insecure attachment

Abner, a 70-year-old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of

integrity

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

adolescent

According to Erikson, isolation is to intimacy as role confusion is to:

identity

According to Erikson, trust is to ________ as identity is to ________.

infancy; adolescence

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?

concrete operational

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

preconventional

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves

affirmation of self-defined ethical principles

According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the _______ stage.

preoperational

According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the _________ stage

concrete operational

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to

adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences

According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the __________ stage

concrete operational

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to

reason abstractly

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the _________ stage is to the ________ stage

preoperational; concrete operational

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view

According to Piaget, schemas are

people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences

According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about events first develops during the _______ stage

concrete operational

Adolescence extends from

the beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood

Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to ________, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ________.

career aspirations; clothing preferences

After living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that

their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce.

Already at 15 months of age, Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. This most clearly contributes to:

basic trust

Among employed women, the task of raising children is especially likely to be associated with ________ marital satisfaction. The departure of mature children from the home is typically associated with ________ marital satisfaction.

decreasing, increasing

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with

autism

As men advance through middle adulthood they experience a gradual decline in

all of these things (testosterone level, sperm count, ejaculation speed)

As people progress into late adulthood, they increasingly use words that convey ________ emotions, and the amygdala shows diminishing activity in response to ________ events.

positive; negative

At about 8 months of age, infants develop a fear of strangers because they can't assimilate unfamiliar faces into their

schemas

At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are:

authoritative

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who:

have high self-esteem and are self-reliant.

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.

preconventional; conventional

Babies accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget:

underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants

Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within two years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by four different employers. According to Erikson, Branden best illustrates

role confusion

Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's

theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during its first few hours of life. Carol should be told that

human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.

Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of:

secure attachment

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)

theory of mind

Cognition refers to

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Compared to 40 years ago, American men today are marrying:

at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age.

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

more responsive

Compared to the "late bloomers," boys who mature sexually at an early age tend to be more:

popular and self-assured

Compared with adults from Western cultures that favor individualism, those from collectivist societies are less likely to develop _______ morality

postconventional

Critics of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have suggested that postconventional morality is more characteristic of _________ than of _________

men; women

Darlene smoked heavily during the entire 9 months of her pregnancy. Her newborn baby will most likely be

underweight

Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

postconventional

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and * changes throughout the human life cycle.

social

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)

zygote and finally develops into a fetus

During the time following the death of a loved one

those who express the strongest grief immediately do not purge their grief more quickly.

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

sensorimotor (?)

Edith abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters. Her behavior is most likely related to a lack of

an early and secure attachment to her own parents.

Elderly people are not increasingly susceptible to:

common cold viruses

Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for

intimacy

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by

investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles

Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with her chronic medical condition, Juanita believes it would be morally wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Kohlberg would suggest that Juanita demonstrates a(n) _______ morality.

conventional

Evidence that easy, relaxed infants develop secure attachments more readily than difficult, emotionally intense babies would illustrate the importance of:

temperament (?)

Explaining why the best work of scientists is often produced in early adulthood while that of novelists often originates during middle adulthood requires a distinction between:

fluid and crystallized intelligence

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a

theory of mind

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's:

ability to reason speedily and abstractly.

For Regis to think it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

preconventional

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentrism

Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that

she lacked language skills for organizing her early life experiences

Four-year-olds are not completely egocentric and 5-year-olds can exhibit some understanding of conservation. This indicates that Piaget may have underestimated the

continuity of cognitive development

Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa's answer indicates she is in the ________ stage of development.

formal operational

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the

frontal lobes

Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to

maturation

Human sperm cells * than egg cells.

are smaller

Identical twins with similar values and preferences are not very strongly attracted to one another's fiancés. This fact has been used to suggest that romantic attraction is influenced by:

chance encounters

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys

preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle.

In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to:

use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings.

In order to quality for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of _________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old

abstract reasoning

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?

maturation

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.

assimilation; accommodation

Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.

the age-related timing but not the sequence

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of

insecure attachment

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called

assimilation

Keisha was able to roll over at two months, crawl at five months, and walk at ten months. This sequence of development is most likely due to

maturation

Kohlberg emphasized that human behavior becomes less selfish as we mature due to

cognitive development

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?

children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles

Learning to delay gratification promotes

moral action

Lewis is a 70-year-old retired college professor. In contrast to when he was 30, he now probably

does not hear as well

Lilianne is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar. It is likely that Lilianne has also just

developed a sense of object permanence

Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

attachment

Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to

form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

attachment

Maturation is to education as ________ is to ________.

nature; nurture

Maturation refers to

biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience

Menopause refers to

the cessation of menstruation

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in

information-processing speed

Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the

cheek

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of

conservation

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of

accommodation