world civ- egypt and iron age

known for

nile river and deserts

white Nile

the deep pools of equatorial africa- that creates agriculture

blue Nile 

sweeps down from abyssinian highlands

nile river

 6 cataracts. floods deposit silt creating fertile areas in lower egypt

hieroglyphics

makes up Egyptian writing. put on clay tablets, stone, and papyrus. never became an alphabet. less abstract: symbols look like their meanings

hieratic

short, informal handwritten form of Egyptian writing- written on paper

rosetta stone

Napoleon responsible for finding. 3 different languages: hieroglyphics, Greek, and demotic. 

Polytheistic

egyptians and ancient greeks

isis

chief goddess in Egyptian religion

osiris

god of the dead. Isis is his wife. portrayed in green- vegetation god. is the judge of the dead

horus

god of kingship. king of the living. reborn with each new king.

hathor

goddess of love

ra (re)

shown as the sun god by the red circle above his head. Has the head of a falcon

ka

all dead have a soul

maat

justice, order, truth. what the ka was measured against to determine if you went on to the afterlife or not

gods

egyptian kings were considered this

lower egypt

bee/cobra

upper egypt

reed/vulture

Pharaoh, priests, nobles, craftsmen, slaves

social structure

trade

brought new opportunities for merchants

society

male dominated, women have higher status, incest marriage

egyptian art

men: young, handsome or mature with rolls of fat

women: youthful beauties always

medicine and science

initially believed in magic, but started observing. did surgery

folk tale

the tale of sinuhe

intermediate period

times of transition due to weak rulers, or rival kingdoms

dynasty

family of kings- 30 of them in Egypt history

menes/narmar

unifier of egypt using the Nile as a linking highway. he begins the first dynasty. capital is Memphis

old kingdom

pyramid building. pharaohs are considered gods and worshipped.

djoser

responsible for the first step pyramid. from the 3rd dynasty.

sneferu

first pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. built the red pyramid that was smooth-sided

khufu

constructed the great pyramid of giza. made great pyramid complex with his son and grandson

first intermediate period

the Nile floods ceased, famine cause by droughts, civil wars against a weakened throne, and outside invaders cause chaos. lack of money- it went to the pyramids

middle kingdom

role of pharaoh was a god but now should always provide for his people especially food. new irrigation systems for the adaptation of agriculture.

new kingdom

pharaoh will always be a god and now a protector, a general because the focus changed. new period of imperialism and growth/expansion. egypt is interacting outside of its own territory.

hatshepsut

took reign from stepchild and did not give it up. presented herself as male. her reign was peaceful: no wars, no chaos, no droughts. known for trade expeditions and mortuary temples. 

racism- from Nubians with written permission to proceed trade

the darker you are, the more animal/less human you are.

thutmose

wins fight in south of nubia. because of the expansion in north and south, he was named napoleon. got rid of anything relating to Hatshepsut

rekhmire

ancient Egyptian noble. served as “governor of the town” during reigns of thutmose and amenhotep

naebamun

middle ranking official “scribe and grain accountant” during the new kingdom

akhenaten

first monarch to attempt monotheism. built new capital city to the south combined with old capital. changed Egyptian religion to worship the single sun god. moved capital to Amarna to reduce power to other priesthoods.

lapis lazuli

imported stone used in jewelry. known for its blue color

tutankhamun

famous for his tomb

rameses II

19th dynasty. prolific builder with temples. new kingdom is full of Rameses stuff. first pharaoh to sign a peace treaty- with the Hittites

merneptah

the son of Rameses II. bronze age coming to an end

Rameses III

most prolific king of the 20th dynasty. important because he spent majority of his reign fighting with the sea peoples

sea peoples

made up of the Philistines, Etruscans, Sicilians, and Sardinians. helped bring the bronze age to an end. their invasions disrupted trade systems through the middle east and mediterranean.

Libyan, Nubian, canaanite, mesopotamian, hittite

traditional opponents of egypt

3rd intermediate period

political chaos. Egypt splits into upper and lower. power of pharaoh declined. capital is moved to tanis. no lapis lazuli- long range trade from Afghanistan is on the decline.

pepi II

longest ruling monarch. sent traders to Nubia.

lydians

wealthy. invented coinage. contemporary to Assyrians and Babylonians.

croesus

king of lydia. gave to an expression

nebuchadnezzar

chaldean ruler of babylon. won battle of carchemish. rebuilt city of babylon. built a new ziggurat (tower of babel). gate of Ishtar. babylonian captivity of the Israelites. 

persians

did not rule through cruelty. policy of immigration and working with conquered people. tolerant of different cultures, religions. wealthy. the king was superior.

dualism

persian religion. Zoroastrianism centers on the concepts of maintaining balance of good and evil.

cyrus

the cylinder of Cyrus. founder of Persian empire. captured the lydians. captured babylon from Chaldeans. ended babylonian captivity.

nabonidus

last king of babylon. worshipped babylonian moon god, Sin, but priests preferred Marduk.

trading, communication, military

why do civilizations build roads

cambyses

son of Cyrus. expanded persian empire from india to the mediterranean.

darius

divided kingdom of Persia into Satrapies. king’s eyes and ears. begins taxation and coinage to persia. post office. royal road. built apadana at Persepolis.

collect taxes, recruit new soldiers, administrate justice

satraps

arta

Zoroastrian religion of persia. close to the egyptian concept of maat. truth, justice and order.

ahuramazda

chief god of Zoroastrianism. god of light, good and arta.

ahriman

secondary god of zoroastrianism. god of dark, chaos, and evil.

anahita

mother goddess

mithra

solar deity who helps ahuramazda

second intermediate period

invasion of the semitic. hyskos overrun the northern parts of egypt through chariot warfare. they stay close to the Nile for food and water.

ahmose

drives the hyskos out of egypt

diaspora

movement of people of similar ethinic/national heritage away from their homeland.

nabonidus

absentee king of babylon

battle of carchemish

Babylon fought against Assyrians. nebuchadnezzar crushed the forces of Egypt and assyria

zoroaster

prophet that made Persian religion

cambyses

conquered egypt

flail and shepherd crook

represents the king as a master and protector

book of the dead

made by the dead person’s family. is a guide to the afterlife and what to do when you get there. made by scribes- meaning that family was rich

scribes

specialized job. intellectual people.

monumental construction

step pyramid make by djoser

government

monarchy

religion

polytheistic

city

capital of egypt- memphis

pyramid of Giza/great pyramid

king’s chamber, queen’s chamber, and underground room. nothing found inside at all.