Final Exam Study Guide for PBH 220 - Fall 2024

Leading Causes of Death

heart disease, cancer, stroke

Burden of Disease

Calculated through death, disability, and overall impact.

Incidence Rate

Numerator: new cases; Denominator: population at risk.

Prevalence Rate

Numerator: existing cases; Denominator: total population.

Causal Pie Charts

Visualize sufficient and necessary component causes.

Health Disparities

Inequities in health outcomes among different groups.

Health Differences

Variations in health status without implying inequity.

Observational Data

Data collected without intervention or manipulation.

Experimental Data

Data collected through controlled experiments.

Public Health Goal

Focus on population health and prevention.

Clinical Medicine Goal

Focus on individual patient diagnosis and treatment.

Genotype

An individual's genetic makeup or composition.

Central Dogma

DNA transcribes to RNA, which translates to protein.

Transcription

Process of synthesizing RNA from DNA.

Translation

Process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.

Polygenic Disease

Disease influenced by multiple genes.

Monogenic Disease

Disease caused by a single gene mutation.

Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

Studies comparing genetic variants across populations.

Epigenetic Modifications

Chemical changes affecting gene expression without altering DNA.

DNA Methylation Effects

Increased methylation typically decreases gene expression.

Lymphatic System Organs

Includes lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.

B-cells Generation

Produced in bone marrow.

T-cells Generation

Matured in the thymus gland.

Natural Immunity

Immunity developed through natural exposure.

Artificial Immunity

Immunity acquired through medical intervention.

Active Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to an antigen.

Passive Immunity

Immunity gained through transfer of antibodies.

Andrew Wakefield's Conspiracy

Promoted false link between vaccines and autism.

Adaptive Immunity Events

Involves recognition, activation, and response phases.

Infectious Disease Phases

Includes latent, incubation, and infectious periods.

Pathogenicity

Ability of an organism to cause disease.

Virulence

Degree of pathogenicity or severity of disease.

Conflict Zones Impact

Increase in infectious disease spread and risk.

Bacterial Classification

Based on shape (cocci, bacilli) and structure.

Antibiotic Resistance

Influenced by bacterial structure and genetic factors.

SIR Values Interpretation

Used to assess disease spread dynamics.

Tuberculosis Mortality Risk Factors

Includes age, immune status, and comorbidities.

Influenza Types

Classified as types A, B, C, and D.

Influenza Subtypes

Classified by hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins.

Antigenic Shift

Major genetic change in influenza virus.

Antigenic Drift

Minor genetic mutations over time in viruses.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Used to assess body weight relative to height.

People-First Language

Describes individuals before their health conditions.

Lipid Homeostasis

Balance of lipid levels in the body.

Lipogenesis

Process of converting carbohydrates into fats.

Lipolysis

Breakdown of fats into fatty acids.

Adipose Tissue Hormones

Regulate metabolism and energy balance.

Pancreatic Cells

Includes alpha, beta, and delta cells.

Endocrine Pancreatic Cells

Regulate blood glucose through hormone secretion.

Post-Meal Glucose Levels

Typically rise after eating and decrease over time.

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Selectively Permeable Membrane

Allows certain molecules to pass while blocking others.

Kidney Functions

Regulate fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste.

Coronary Artery Disease

Primary cause of heart attacks due to plaque buildup.

Blood Flow in Heart

Follows a specific pathway through chambers.

Blood Pressure Categories

Defined using systolic and diastolic measurements.

Menstruation

Shedding of the uterine lining from the body.

HPG Axis Hormones

Regulates menstrual cycle through hormonal feedback.

Positive Feedback Loop

Enhances hormone release during specific cycle phases.

Negative Feedback Loop

Inhibits hormone release to maintain balance.

Menstrual Cycle Phases

Includes follicular and luteal phases.

Hormones Before Ovulation

Estrogen levels peak prior to ovulation.

Hormones After Ovulation

Progesterone levels rise post-ovulation.

Hormonal Birth Control

Contains synthetic hormones to regulate menstrual cycle.

Stress Response Initiation

Triggered by the hypothalamus in the brain.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares body for 'fight or flight' response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Promotes 'rest and digest' bodily functions.

Adrenal Glands

Secrete hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.

HPA Axis Hormones

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, ACTH, cortisol released during stress.

Germline Mutations

Inherited mutations that can cause cancer.

Somatic Mutations

Acquired mutations leading to cancer development.

Cell Cycle Phases

Includes G1, S, G2, and M phases.

Proto-oncogenes

Normal genes that can become oncogenes.

Oncogenes

Mutated genes that promote cancer development.

Malignant Tumors

Cancerous growths that invade surrounding tissues.

Benign Tumors

Non-cancerous growths that do not spread.

Hallmarks of Cancer

Characteristics that enable tumor growth and spread.

Causal Risk Factors

Identified through epidemiology and related sciences.

Cancer Incidence Trends

Changing rates of cancer cases over time.

Hormonal Influence on Breast Cancer

Endogenous and exogenous hormones affect risk.

Cancer Stages

Progression from localized to metastatic disease.