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Engel vs. Vitale (1962)

The Supreme Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Wisconsin vs. Yoder (1972)

The Court ruled that religious freedom outweighed the state's educational requirements, allowing Amish students to stop schooling after 8th grade.

Tinker vs. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

The Court ruled that students have free speech rights in schools as long as it does not disrupt the educational environment; symbolic speech is protected.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

The Court ruled that prior restraint was unconstitutional, allowing the press to publish the Pentagon Papers.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

The Court ruled that speech presenting a 'clear and present danger' could be limited, establishing the 'clear and present danger' test for speech limits.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

The Court ruled that the right to counsel is fundamental, requiring states to provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford one.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The Court ruled that the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms is incorporated through the 14th Amendment’s Due Process Clause and applies to state and local governments.