Anisci lec exam 1

what is the yearly revenue of the US beef industry?

$68 billion yearly

How many pounds of beef are produced yearly in the USA?

28 billion pounds

desrcibe charolais cattle:

white
european
terminal

how many pounds of milk does the USA produce yearly?

225 billion lbs yearly

what is the value of the US dairy industry?

$35 billion

where does VA rank in the dairy cow industry?

25th

describe the holstein breed:

90% of dairy cattle
black and white
netherlands
large
most milk produced

(picture of dairy industry structure)

what does the Dairy Herd Improvement Association do and run?

improves genetics
collects and stores data
records processing centers
runs the council for dairy cattle breeding

describe the dairy cow lifecycle up to 3 years of age

wean: 1-2 months
puberty: 11 months
breed: 15 months
calve: 2 years
breed: 27 months
calve" 3 years

what is the lifespan of a dairy cow?

5 years

where does VA rank in the US sheep industry?

22nd

Where does VA rank for meat goats?

13th

describe the dorset sheep breed

dual purpose - meat production
all white, horned
england
good milk and carcass quality
year-round breeding

how long is sheep/goat gestation?

152 days

how long ago were dogs domesticated

15,000 years ago

how long ago were livestock and cats domesticated

10,000 years ago

what were the first livestock to be domesticated

sheep and goats

Do developed of underdeveloped countries eat more animal products

developed

is meat consumption rising or falling

rising

what percent of people are directly involved in animal product production

5%

what percent of people in USA are involved directly in animal product production?

1.3%

what percent of people in underdeveloped are involved directly in animal product production?

40% (a range of 20%-90%

what are the most consumed meats

poultry and pork

what type of milk is the most consumed?

cow milk

how much will meat production increase by in 2050

50%

what percentage will food demand increase by in 2050

13%

1920s: chicken
weeks to raise
weight
feed efficiency
mortality

16 weeks
1.13kg
4.7
18%

2020s: chicken
weeks to raise
weight
feed efficiency
mortality

6 weeks
3kg
1.7
4%

what is feed efficiency?

amount of feed required to produce a unit of weight, milk, eggs, etc.

what is the feed:gain equation

feed intake
-------------
average daily gain

what is the gain:feed equation

average daily gain
---------------------
feed intake

what is feed:gain?

amount of feed per unit of gain (more common, smaller number better)

what is gain:feed

amount of gain per unit of feed consumed (larger number better)

processing speeds:
poultry
pork
beef

15,000 per hour
1,400 per hour
400 per hour

what are some by-products of animal processing?

leather, tallow, gelatin, collagen

top 3 pets owned in USA

1. fish
2. dogs
3. cats

in developing countries what percent of animals make up cultivation power?

52%

xenotransplantation and medicine testing are used in what

anima; research

what is basic vs applied research

basic - general understanding
applied - takes basic research concepts and applies them (changes how/what we do to animals)

what does the animal welfare act mandate?

warm-blooded animals be well cared for in research and commercial use

What does IACUC stand for?

institutional animal care and use committee

what are the 3 Rs of IACUC

reduction, refinement, replacements

what types of experiments have to get extra approvals from IACUC?

experiments that can cause harm to the animal subject

What are the global calorie and protein consumption in terms of animal vs plant?

global calorie: 82% plant, 18% animal
global protein: 60% plant, 40% animal

USA ranks in what place for their beef industry size?

4th largest

how many cows vs cattle in the US beef industry?

28 million cows, 87.1 million total cattle

Where are most cattle located?

central plains, Texas is #1

where does virginia rank in beef cattle?

18th place

What is the second most common agricultural comodity in virginia?

beef

what is the average herd size in virginia for beef cattle?

30 cattle

bovine definition

relating to cattle

calf definition

young bovine, less than a year old

heifer definition

female over 1 year of age that has not yet given birth

cow definition

adult female bovine that has given birth

bull definition

intact male bovine

steer definition

castrated male bovine

beef definition

meat from cattle

herd definition (bovine)

group of cattle/other animals

types of cattle breeds + definitions

maternal - excels at calving and mothering
terminal - excels at growing
dual purpose - good terminal and maternal capabilities

what is bovine breed improvement based on?

economical importance

describe angus cattle:

black
british
historically maternal
good carcass quality
most common in USA

describe hereford cattle:

red body /w white face
british
maternal
hardy
polled/horned

describe simmental cattle:

black or red
european
dual purpose

describe brahman cattle:

grey
indian
heat tolerant
agressive

describe the beef industry structure

seedstock > cow/calf > stocker > feedlot > packing plant

what is a seedstock operation?

provides genes
develops cattle till breeding age
advertises their cattle

what is a cow/calf operation?

breeds and produces cattle to be sold later

what is a stocker operation?

buys weaned calves to raise on pasture
sells cattle at 1+ years
sells to feedlots

what is the difference between intensive and extensive stocker operations?

intensive: small indoor land, high labor
extensive: large amount of land, lower labor

what is a feedlot (cattle)?

cattle confined to pens and fed high energy and grain diet
sold to packing plants
has an alleyway for feed, mound of dirt in center or pen

what is the size difference between a large and small feedlot?

large: 30,000-100,000 cattle
small: 500-1000 cattle

what is grain finished beef?

no special label
most of life in pasture
4-6 months in a feed lot
may get antibiotics

what is grass-fed beef?

spends entire life eating grass/forage
may eat grass in a feedlot
may be given antibiotics

what is certified organic beef?

never given antibiotics
can be fed grass or grain, has to be organic
can be sent to feedlot

what is naturally raised/never-ever beef?

no antibiotics
grain or grass
can be sent to a feedlot

describe the calving timeline for beef cows.

wean - 205 days (500lbs)
breed - 15 months
2 yrs - calve (1400lbs)

when does beef cow puberty happen?

10 months

how long is beef cow gestation?

283 days

how long is a beef cow's lifespan?

8 years

lifecycle of feeder beef cattle:

wean: 205 days
feedlot @ 600lbs
slaughter: 14 months (1400lbs)

lifecycle of stocker beef cattle:

wean: 205 days (400lbs)
feedlot: 14 months (900lbs)
slaughter: 18 months (1400-1800lbs)

what is the average bull-to-cow ratio?

1:25 or 1:30

how many calves should a co have yearly?

1

what is a freemartin?

the female calf of a twin set, 90% of them are infertile

describe the ruminant stomach system:

rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomasum

what are two things the ruminant digestive system does?

proteins create bacteria, forage ferments

what is bloat in cattle?

gas gets trapped in rumen
puts pressure on lungs and diaphragm
swelling on left side of body
fast progression

what is acidosis in beef cattle?

abrupt decline in rumen's pH
caused by sudden switch to a high-grain/carb diet
symptoms: weak, anorexic, dehydrated, diarrhea

name three common viral or bacterial bovine diseases:

bovine viral diarrhea
bovine respiratory disease
brucellosis

What are different methods of administering insecticides and dewormers in cattle?

sprays, pour ons, drenching, ear tags

what does the dairy industry produce?

dairy and beef

how many dairy cows are there in the USA?

9 million

what countries have the top two dairy industries?

1. India
2. USA

has the number of dairy cows increased or declined

declined

has milk production increased or decreased?

increased

Where are most dairy cows located?

california and wisconsin

why are dairy cows mostly located in the north?

the northern environment keeps them comfortable

through the years how much milk has the average person consumed?

1990 - 220lbs
2010 - 177lbs
2022 - 130lbs

veal definition:

meat from calves