Great astronomers study guide

He was told that he was a liar and that the telescope was lying

Galileo

Sought to purge Ptolemy's system of the equant

Copernicus

He said that all motion was composed of two parts (speed and direction)

Newton

He said that the forces produce acceleration

Newton

This man invented a new mathematical language called calculus

Newton

He used semimajor axis and eccentricity

Kepler

Was convinced that the universe governed by physcial laws

newton

Used the telescope to see the moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus, craters on the moon, and sunspots 

Galelio 

unified the motions into three simple laws

Kepliler

invented the integral and differential calcucs

newton

wrote a brief pamphlet called “Commentariolus”

Copernicuous

said if the sun could rotate, why not the earth

galilelo

Developed the binomial theorem

Newton

was obsessed with finding harmony in the heavens.

Kepiler

wrote “a dialogue on the two chief world systems” defending the Copernican system

galelio

who was the second astronomer to say that planets move alone elipsses with the sun at one focus

Newton

Revided the heliocentric system of Aistrachus 

Copernicous 

Said that the earth is not the only center of motion in the universe

newton

started the fundamental work on optics

Copernicus

formulated his laws of motion and gravitation

Newton

was placed on house arrest until he died

Galelio

used Mars as the key to unlocking the secrets of planetary motion

Galelio

Was the first to predict that planets move fastest at perhelion and slowest at Aphelion

newton

laws descried how planets moved but not why they moved

kepler

still needed epicycles to reproduce the non-uniform apparent speeds of the planets

copernicus

Keplers First law of planetary motion

• Planets don’t move in perfect circles.

• Instead, they orbit the Sun in ellipses (think: stretched circle).

• The Sun is not in the center — it’s off to the side a bit.

Keplers second  law of planetary motion

• As a planet moves around the Sun, it moves faster when it’s closer to the Sun

• And slower when it’s farther from the Sun.

Kelpers 3rd law

• Planets that are farther from the Sun take longer to go around it.

• The farther the distance → the longer the orbit → the slower the planet moves overall.

• (Orbit time)2=(Distance from Sun)3

newtons 1st law of motion 

Things stay how they are unless a force changes them.
If something is still → it stays still.
If something is moving → it keeps moving.

Newtons 2nd law of motion

Newton’s 2nd Law (F = m·a)
Force = Mass × Acceleration.
More force → more acceleration.
Heavier object → needs more force to move.

newtons 3rd law 

Newton’s 3rd Law (Action/Reaction)
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
You push something → it pushes back.

what is the formula for force? what are the components that make it up

F=m⋅a

• F = Force (measured in Newtons, N)

• m = Mass (how much “stuff” is in the object, measured in kilograms, kg)

• a = Acceleration (how fast the speed changes, measured in meters per second squared, m/s²)